A Retrospective Case Series of Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury and Disease in Victoria, Australia

Galvin, Jane; Scheinberg, Adam; New, Peter W

doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e318294e839

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Spine injuries were involved in 3.2% of all admitted pediatric trauma cases, and this proportion is similar to published figures. 5 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 32 , 33 Adolescent boys were the most likely to be affected, 1 , 3 – 5 , 17 , 18 , 34 which is likely attributable to the increased exposure to outdoor activities and risk-taking behavior of males.35 Alternately, this finding may be due to the greater exposure of male to MVC because women do not drive in Saudi Arabia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Causes and patterns of spine trauma in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia: implications for injury prevention

Al‐Habib

Alaqeel

Marwa

et al. 2014

Annals of Saudi Medicine

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESKnowledge regarding traumatic spine injuries (TSIs) is essential for effective prevention strategies, particularly in the developing world, where majority of the population is younger and organized prevention programs are scarce. Therefore, our objective was to describe TSI mechanisms, demographics, patterns, and outcomes in children and adolescents.DESIGN AND SETTINGSRetrospective chart review in a major trauma center from May 2001 to May 2009 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.PATIENTS AND METHODSDetailed chart reviews were done for all consecutive TSI patients ≤18 years old. Cases were identified through the trauma database registry that included admitted patients.RESULTSOf the 3796 cases identified, 120 cases (3.2%) sustained 141 TSIs (mean age: 13.5 years; males: 83.8%). TSI was most common among children from 16 to 18 years old. Overall, motor vehicle collision (MVC) was the most common injury mechanism (60.8%). However, younger patients (<12 years) sustained more pedestrian injuries (40.6%). Among MVC cases with known seat belt statuses (43.8%), 90.6% were not wearing seat belts. The cervical spine level was the most commonly affected (55.8%) region, especially in children <12 years old (88%). More than 1 affected spinal level was found in 23.3% cases. Spinal cord injuries were found in 19.2% cases. Overall, mortality was 8.3%, and half of these mortalities were secondary to pedestrian injuries. A total of 22.7% of cases were discharged with neurological deficits.CONCLUSIONThe high frequency and severity of MVC and pedestrian injuries observed in the present study raise significant concerns regarding the safety of children on the roads. Spine involvement was age specific; younger patients tended to have more cervical injuries, and older patients exhibited more thoracic spine involvement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traumatic spine injuries (TSIs) in children are relatively infrequent. 1 – 5 TSIs constitute 5% of child trauma and 1% to 10% of all reported spinal injuries. 6 – 8 The annual incidences of pediatric TSI are 66 and 74 cases per million people in Finland and the United States, respectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes and patterns of spine trauma in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia: implications for injury prevention

Al‐Habib

Alaqeel

Marwa

et al. 2014

Annals of Saudi Medicine

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“…Injury to the spinal cord presents a significant clinical and therapeutic problem ( Table 1 ) that includes significant neuropathic pain syndromes. While most spinal cord injuries are in adults, both traumatic and non-traumatic injuries present in children, with the most common being neoplasms and vascular ( Citterio et al, 2004 ) and demyelinating diseases including acute transverse myelitis ( Nair et al, 2005 ; Galvin et al, 2013 ). Transverse myelitis is “a neurological disorder caused by inflammation across both sides of one level, or segment, of the spinal cord” ( National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain and spinal cord imaging measures in children with demyelinating disease

Barakat

Gorman

Benson

et al. 2015

NeuroImage: Clinical

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Pain is a significant problem in diseases affecting the spinal cord, including demyelinating disease. To date, studies have examined the reliability of clinical measures for assessing and classifying the severity of spinal cord injury (SCI) and also to evaluate SCI-related pain. Most of this research has focused on adult populations and patients with traumatic injuries. Little research exists regarding pediatric spinal cord demyelinating disease. One reason for this is the lack of reliable and useful approaches to measuring spinal cord changes since currently used diagnostic imaging has limited specificity for quantitative measures of demyelination. No single imaging technique demonstrates sufficiently high sensitivity or specificity to myelin, and strong correlation with clinical measures. However, recent advances in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) measures are considered promising in providing increasingly useful and specific information on spinal cord damage. Findings from these quantitative imaging modalities correlate with the extent of demyelination and remyelination. These techniques may be of potential use for defining the evolution of the disease state, how it may affect specific spinal cord pathways, and contribute to the management of pediatric demyelination syndromes. Since pain is a major presenting symptom in patients with transverse myelitis, the disease is an ideal model to evaluate imaging methods to define these regional changes within the spinal cord. In this review we summarize (1) pediatric demyelinating conditions affecting the spinal cord; (2) their distinguishing features; and (3) current diagnostic and classification methods with particular focus on pain pathways. We also focus on concepts that are essential in developing strategies for the detection, monitoring, treatment and repair of pediatric myelitis.

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“…While most national incidence data report traumatic SCI, data from Australia highlight the importance of nontraumatic causes of spinal cord disorders in children under 15 years [4]. The researchers estimated the incidence of traumatic and non-traumatic SCI to be 3.8 and 6.5 per million children, respectively.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury

Osorio¹,

Reyes²,

Massagli³

2014

Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep

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Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs much less commonly in children than adults. Children can also experience spinal cord dysfunction from birth injuries, skeletal dysplasias, neoplasms, infections, and autoimmune causes. There are special considerations for determining the level and completeness of injury in children under 6 years of age. Children with SCI experience some unique secondary complications such as scoliosis, and other complications such as autonomic dysreflexia require modifications in management due to pediatric physiology. The rehabilitation of children with SCI typically includes compensatory strategies and exercise, and new methods of exercise including functional electrical stimulation and activity-based locomotor training are being researched for efficacy in restoration of function. Studies of psychosocial health of children with SCI highlight the importance of peer interactions and participation in activities outside the home. Practitioners also need to be mindful of the stress an injury places on siblings, parents, and other caregivers.

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A Retrospective Case Series of Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury and Disease in Victoria, Australia

Abstract: 3.

Cited by 26 publications

References 14 publications

Causes and patterns of spine trauma in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia: implications for injury prevention

Causes and patterns of spine trauma in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia: implications for injury prevention

Pain and spinal cord imaging measures in children with demyelinating disease

Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury

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