A retrospective study of community-acquired Salmonella infections in patients attending public hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract

Introduction: A retrospective cohort study on Salmonella-associated diseases (SADs) was conducted in 14 public hospitals across Lagos State, Nigeria, between 1999 and 2008. Methodology: Medical records of clinically diagnosed patients with confirmed Salmonella infections were reviewed for the 10-year period. Laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever cases in all the hospitals were first based on Widal agglutination tests then followed by culture, while non-typhoidal Salmonella infections were based on culture technique. Results: A total of 85,187 confirmed cases of SADs were found, of which 880 deaths were recorded (case-fatality rate = 1.03% / 10 years). The mean incidence of SADs in Lagos State for the 10-year period was estimated at 45 cases per 100,000 persons/year, while that of typhoid fever alone was 16 cases per 100,000 persons/year. During the studied period, the number of deaths due to typhoid fever was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than deaths due to gastroenteritis except in 2003 and 2004. Risk associated with typhoidal deaths was 4 to 11 times greater when compared to gastroenteritis deaths between 2000 and 2002. Salmonella-associated diseases were most prevalent in adults 21 -to30 years of age (49.49%). Cases of patients with invasive Salmonella-associated gastroenteritis were observed mainly in children under five years of age. Conclusion: The current surveillance data indicated high incidence of SADs in areas exposed to environmental contaminations. This study revealed that infections caused by Salmonella enterica serovars are endemic in our environment thus poses a serious threat to public health. Constant public health education is essential to avert undue epidemics.

A 4 Years Retrospective Study on the Sero-Positivity of Typhoid among Patients Attending General Hospital Mubi

“…The findings that males were more infected with typhoid bacilli as previously reported from Lagos (Akinyemi et al, 2012;Ajayi et al, 2015) collaborates with our findings for 2013-2014, but was contrary to our findings of 2011-2012. Also, our finding was similar to those observed in a study conducted in northern Nigeria where more males were implicated but the sex-related difference in infection rates did not vary significantly (P < 0.05) (Ameh and Opara, 2004).…”

“…In Nigeria, typhoid fever is among the major widespread diseases affecting both young children and young adults as a result of many interrelated factors such as inadequate facilities for processing human wastes and indiscriminate use of antibiotics (Akinyemi et al, 2012). Enteric fever is not only endemic in Nigeria, but constitute a great socio-medical problem because they are responsible for many cases of pyrexia, high morbidity and mortality (Rine et al, 2013).…”

Serodiagnosis of Acute Typhoid Fever in Nigerian Pediatric Cases by Detection of Serum IgA and IgG Against Hemolysin E and Lipopolysaccharide

“…3,[13][14][15][16] In large part, this is due to poor access to reliable diagnostics in this setting. Measured by its burden and influence on antibiotic use, TF is perhaps one of the leading causes of invasive bacterial infection for which a rapid diagnostic does not exist.…”

Occurrence of Typhoidal and Non-Typhoidal Salmonellae among Poultry Workers in the Southern, Nigeria

“…Furthermore, multiple antibiotic resistance has been reported to be common among Salmonella species, particularly in the developing countries [14] [15]. In Lagos, Nigeria, out of 85,189 confirmed cases of Salmonella associated diseases, 880 deaths were recorded between 1999 and 2008, giving a case-fatality rate of 1.03% [16].…”