A retrospective study on equine herpesvirus type-1 associated myeloencephalopathy in France (2008–2011)

Galen, Gaby Van; Leblond, Agnès; Tritz, P.; Martinelle, Ludovic; Pronost, Stéphane; Saegerman, Claude

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.003

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…According to the Center for Emerging Issues report of 2007, EHM satisfies the requirement for an emerging viral disease premised on (1) the more virulent nature of the circulating EHV-1 strains than previously reported and (2) increased incidence of the disease with a heightened case fatality rate (APHIS and USDA, 2008). Increased outbreaks of EHM were reported not only in North America and Europe, but also in Africa, Oceania, and Asia (Henninger et al, 2007; Gryspeerdt et al, 2011; Tsujimura et al, 2011; Burgess et al, 2012; Pronost et al, 2012; Traub-Dargatz et al, 2013; Walter et al, 2013; Estell et al, 2015; van Galen et al, 2015; McFadden et al, 2016; Negussie et al, 2017). The recent increased incidence of EHM during EHV-1 outbreaks supports the observation that the currently circulating neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain has evolved into a more pathogenic strain producing a higher rate of morbidity and mortality than previously (APHIS and USDA, 2007).…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Disease Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry

2019

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Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most important and prevalent viral pathogens of horses and a major threat to the equine industry throughout most of the world. EHV-1 primarily causes respiratory disease but viral spread to distant organs enables the development of more severe sequelae; abortion and neurologic disease. The virus can also undergo latency during which viral genes are minimally expressed, and reactivate to produce lytic infection at any time. Recently, there has been a trend of increasing numbers of outbreaks of a devastating form of EHV-1, equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy. This review presents detailed information on EHV-1, from the discovery of the virus to latest developments on treatment and control of the diseases it causes. We also provide updates on recent EHV-1 research with particular emphasis on viral biology which enables pathogenesis in the natural host. The information presented herein will be useful in understanding EHV-1 and formulating policies that would help limit the spread of EHV-1 within horse populations.

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Section: Pathogenesis and Disease Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry

2019

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“…EHV-1 outbreaks have been reported for centuries and many cases are reported across Europe, in France, Great Britain and Belgium, in the United States, in New-Zealand, Australia, Chile, Argentina, Israel and United Arab Emirates [31][32][33]. EHM incidence has increased in most parts of the world, in Europe and North America, as well as in Oceania, Africa, and Asia [10,11,28]. Pathogenesis and clinical disease: After primary replication in the respiratory tract, EHV-1 disseminates via cell-associated viremia in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and subsequently infects the endothelial cells of the pregnant uterus or central nervous system, leading in some cases to abortion and/or neurological disorders [34].…”

Section: Equid Herpesvirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually, high fever is considered as a warming sign even if infectious diseases are not the only reason of hyperthermia and if they are not systematically detected during the horse clinical examination. Indeed, 14% to 38% of West Nile disease diagnosed in Europe and 52% of equid herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) cases evidenced in France had hyperthermia during veterinary examination [9][10][11]. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings will generally be informative of a viral meningo-encephalitis, comprising an increased protein concentration, normal glucose concentration and pleomorphic leucocytosis with predominating mononuclear cells or neutrophils [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe?

Lecollinet

Pronost

Coulpier

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. Among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. The nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. However, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and/or indirect screening assays in specialized laboratories. The equine practitioner, involved in a mission of prevention and surveillance, plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The general management of the horse is essentially supportive, focused on controlling pain and inflammation within the central nervous system, preventing injuries and providing supportive care. Despite its high medical relevance and economic impact in the equine industry, vaccines are not always available and there is no specific antiviral therapy. In this review, the major virological, clinical and epidemiological features of the main neuropathogenic viruses inducing encephalitis in equids in Europe, including rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae), Equid herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), Borna disease virus (Bornaviridae) and West Nile virus (Flaviviridae), as well as exotic viruses, will be presented.

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“…This virus causes respiratory disease, and the virus crosses the placenta and causes abortion without premonitory signs, including but not limited to neonatal death, retinopathy and myeloencephalopathy leading to paresis. [1][2][3][4][5][6] This virus is an alpha herpes virus and becomes latent like other alpha herpes viruses. The virus could be reactivated in its equine hosts via an unclear mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viremia in Equine Herpes Virus-1 infection and a possible link to Transient Protective Immunity

Awan¹,

Tulp²,

Field³

2021

JHVRV

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Equine herpes virus (EHV-1) causes respiratory infections in equine, and results in abortion, paresis, neonatal death, and retinopathy and the virus may become latent following initial infection. Virus entry is via the respiratory route, and the virus replicates in the host in ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and in Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes in the lung parenchyma. After viral replication in the respiratory system, the virus can become disseminated to other parts of body via viraemic cells. The virus also can cross the placenta which leads to abortion of live or dead fetuses without premonitory signs. Infected horses show transient immunity after natural or experimental infection and immune responses to EHV-1, but the immunoprotective status begins to decline after a few months of active infection. Due to the transient immune response, recovered horses are not immunoprotected and thus are prone to subsequent re-infection. Immunity is not long lived after experimental or natural infection, and as a result the development of an effective vaccine has remained a challenge. In this study viraemic cells were studied in a murine EHV-1 infection model. Mice were infected intranasally and viraemic cells were studied on days three and five which occurs during the peak of the infection. The results of this study may help to identify the nature of viraemic cells and their role in the transient immune response to infection. Buffy coat cells and lungs were removed and stained with a fluorescent antibody test for EHV-1 antigen, and lung specimens were subjected to transmission electron microscopy. Both techniques confirmed the presence of viraemic cells in lung tissues. These viraemic cells were further stained for EHV-1 antigen, and for CD4 or CD8 biomarkers and results are discussed re: pathogenesis of EHV-1 infection, identification of viraemic cells in a murine model and possible link of viraemia to transient immune responses in EHV-1 infection, which demonstrate the validity of this murine model for the investigation of the cytopathologic mechanism and sequelae of EHV manifestation in this model.

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A retrospective study on equine herpesvirus type-1 associated myeloencephalopathy in France (2008–2011)

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry

EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry

Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe?

Viremia in Equine Herpes Virus-1 infection and a possible link to Transient Protective Immunity

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