A review and guide to drug‐associated oral adverse effects—Oral mucosal and lichenoid reactions. Part 2

Abstract

Dental practitioners and other health professionals commonly encounter and manage adverse medicine effects that manifest in the orofacial region. Numerous medicines are associated with a variety of oral adverse effects. However, due to lack of awareness and training, these side effects are not always associated with medicine use and are underreported to pharmacovigilance agencies by dentists and other health professionals. This article aims to inform health professionals about the various oral adverse effects that can occur and the most commonly implicated drugs to improve the management, recognition and reporting of adverse drug effects. This article follows on from Part 1; however, the focus here is on lichenoid reactions and oral mucosal disorders including oral aphthous‐like ulceration, mucositis and bullous disorders such as drug‐induced pemphigus, pemphigoid, Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Oral Ulceration - Clinical Feature

“…Oral ulcers may be induced by systemic medications and can present as single or multiple areas of ulceration. 3 Druginduced ulcers are typically flat with a whitish base and a raised clear margin (Figure 4 ). These ulcers tend to be resistant to topical treatments.…”

Follicular lymphoma manifests as multiple erosive and proliferative lesions of the oral mucosa: case report and brief literature review

“…A large number of oral mucosal diseases can be characterised by oral mucosal erosion, including oral allergic diseases [ 10 ], oral infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) [ 3 ], pemphigus/pemphigoid [ 11 ], paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome (PAMS) [ 12 ], oral potentially-malignant disorders (OPMD) represented by OLP [ 13 ], oral malignancies including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) [ 14 ], and genetic diseases such as dyskeratosis congenita [ 8 ] (Table 1 ). These diseases may be distinguished from each other based on various features, such as the clinical duration and medical history, and by engaging diagnostic approaches, including examination of biopsied tissue and systemic adjuvant examination.…”