A review for the pharmacological effects of paeoniflorin in the nervous system

Abstract

Paeoniflorin, a terpenoid glycoside compound extracted from Paeonia lactiflora Pall, shows preventive and therapeutic effects in various types of nervous system disorders. However, to date, no comprehensive knowledge on the pharmacological effects of paeoniflorin on the nervous system is available online. Clarification of this issue may be useful for the development of paeoniflorin as a new drug for the treatment of nervous system disorders. To this end, the authors summarize the pharmacological aspects of paeoniflorin and its possible mechanisms, such as restoration of mitochondrial function; inhibition of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular apoptosis; activation of adenosine A1 receptor, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2); or enhancement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and serotonin function, in the prevention of disorders such as cerebral ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, post-traumatic syndrome disorder, and epilepsy, by reviewing the previously published literature.

Metabolite profiles of Gansuibanxia decoction in rat plasma and urine by UHPLC‐Q‐TOF/MS analysis

“…These metabolites might have more therapeutic effects on body. In addition, glycosides such as triterpenoid saponins and monoterpene glycosides in GSBXD have anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective activities (Bisht et al, 2022; Hong et al, 2022; Xia et al, 2017). They predominantly undergo hydroxylation to generate aglycones by glycosidic bond cleavage, which can be absorbed into blood circulation more easily and exhibits better bioavailability (He et al, 2019).…”

Regulation of mitophagy and mitochondrial function: Natural compounds as potential therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease

“…Paeoniflorin, a terpenoid glycoside compound extracted from Paeonia lactiflora Pall, holds significant promise for treating neurological disorders, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease and PD due to its unique biological activities and pharmacological effects, which encompass antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, autophagy regulation, enhancement of cholinergic nerve function, maintenance of ion channel homeostasis, suppression of neuronal apoptosis, and promotion of neuronal nutrition (Hong et al, 2022). In mouse models of PD induced by MPTP, rotenone or 6‐OHDA, both pretreatment and posttreatment with paeoniflorin could mitigate deficits in motor performance, α‐Syn accumulation and the loss of dopaminergic neurons through several mechanisms: (1) Inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis by upregulating the Bcl‐2/BAD ratio and Bcl‐2/BAX ratio, downregulating cleaved caspase‐3 expression, and reducing caspase‐3/9 activities; (2) Attenuation of mitochondrial‐related oxidative stress by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation, leading to the activation of the Nrf2 pathway and subsequent induction of HO‐1 and SOD expression (Guo et al, 2021; Zhang et al, 2023; Zheng et al, 2017).…”

“…In mouse models of PD induced by MPTP, rotenone or 6‐OHDA, both pretreatment and posttreatment with paeoniflorin could mitigate deficits in motor performance, α‐Syn accumulation and the loss of dopaminergic neurons through several mechanisms: (1) Inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis by upregulating the Bcl‐2/BAD ratio and Bcl‐2/BAX ratio, downregulating cleaved caspase‐3 expression, and reducing caspase‐3/9 activities; (2) Attenuation of mitochondrial‐related oxidative stress by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation, leading to the activation of the Nrf2 pathway and subsequent induction of HO‐1 and SOD expression (Guo et al, 2021; Zhang et al, 2023; Zheng et al, 2017). In MPP + ‐treated PC12 cells, paeoniflorin also has been shown to inhibit α‐Syn aggregation, oxidative stress and apoptosis by modulating the autophagy‐lysosome and ubiquitin‐proteasome pathways (in part by inhibiting acid‐sensing ion channels), ultimately enhancing autophagic activity (Hong et al, 2022; Sun et al, 2011). Additionally, a recent study reported that paeoniflorin significantly ameliorated bortezomib‐induced peripheral neuropathy, potentially by reducing IL‐6 expression to upregulate Parkin‐mediated mitophagy (Sun et al, 2022).…”

Review of frequently used Kampo prescriptions: Part 4, Ninjin'yoeito

“…Paeoniflorin has antiinflammatory and immunomodulating [45] activities. It also has multiple therapeutic effects on nervous and [46] depressive disorders [47], as well as on liver [48], cardiovascular, and renal diseases [49].…”