A review of 25 years of the social interaction test

File, Sandra E.; Seth, Pallab

doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01273-1

Cited by 662 publications

(525 citation statements)

References 213 publications

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“…Against this background of sex differences in activity measures, it should be stressed that there is little evidence of sex differences in the measures of anxiety-like behavior, such as time spent in social interaction and entries into the open arms. This finding confirms the view expressed by others that measures of activity and anxiety-like behavior in these two tasks are independent (Fernandes et al, 1999;File, 1980;File and Seth, 2003;Overstreet et al, 2002Overstreet et al, , 2003.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…These findings provide further evidence for the independence of the measures of anxiety and activity, as claimed by others (e.g., File, 1980;File and Seth, 2003;Overstreet et al, 2002Overstreet et al, , 2003. In any case, when an analysis of covariance was carried out using line crosses in the social interaction test, there was still a significant difference in the time spent in social interaction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Social interaction has been repeatedly validated as an index of anxiety-related behavior (see File and Seth, 2003) because it (social interaction) is decreased following anxiety-provoking stimuli, such as bright lights or exposure to cat odor (File, 1980;File and Hyde, 1978), after the administration of anxiogenic drugs (e.g., Battacharya et al, 1997;File and Lister, 1984;Guy and Gardner, 1985) or following withdrawal from drugs of abuse, including alcohol (Andrews et al, 1997;File et al, 1989File et al, , 1993Irvine et al, 2001;Kampov-Polevoy et al, 2000). Conversely, social interaction can be increased by prior exposure to the test arena (File, 1980;File and Hyde, 1978) or the administration of anxiolytic drugs at doses that have little effect on locomotor activity (Barnes et al, 1990;File, 1980;Lightowler et al, 1994).…”

Section: Social Interaction Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Similar anxiety-like responses in male and female rats exposed to repeated withdrawals from ethanol

Overstreet

Knapp

Breese

2004

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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Previous research indicated that male rats exhibited anxiety-like behavior following withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure. This behavior, as well as other symptoms of withdrawal such as seizure susceptibility, may be sensitized in male rats repeatedly withdrawn from chronic ethanol exposure. Because there are sex differences in some alcohol effects, the present study explored whether male and female rats would respond differently to a course of repeated ethanol withdrawals. Similarly aged male and female rats were exposed to a control liquid diet or a diet containing ethanol (7% w/ v). Ethanol-exposed rats had only one 5-day cycle of exposure or three cycles, with 2 days of control diet (CD) between cycles. At 5 h after the final ethanol was removed, the rats were placed as samesexed pairs in the social interaction test; approximately half of the rats were tested later in the elevated plus maze. Rats withdrawn from ethanol after three cycles exhibited reduced the time spent in social interaction and general activity in the social interaction test and reduced the open and closed arm entries in the elevated plus maze. There were no sex differences in these effects. However, male rats exhibited a small anxiety-like response after one cycle of 5 days' exposure to ethanol and female rats did not. Thus, there are no sex differences in the three-cycle multiple-withdrawal paradigm, but there may be differences after briefer exposures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Social Interaction Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Similar anxiety-like responses in male and female rats exposed to repeated withdrawals from ethanol

Overstreet

Knapp

Breese

2004

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…As indicated previously, it has been recommended that unmanipulated animals should be paired up with the basis of treatment and body weights, whereas surgically manipulated rats should be paired with an untreated, control rat (e.g., File, 1980;File and Seth, 2003). In this study, we examined the acute effects of CRF both when the animals had the same treatment and when they were paired with an untreated control partner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of multiple ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior by CRF and CRF1 receptors

Overstreet

Knapp

Breese

2004

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

159

153

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Previous work demonstrated that rats subjected to multiple withdrawals from chronic ethanol exhibit a sensitization of anxiety-like behavior compared to animals withdrawn from treatment with an equal but continuous amount of ethanol. This study sought to examine whether corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) could modulate this ethanol-withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. Initially, rats were administered with CRF (1 μg) or vehicle intraventricularly on two occasions 5 days apart while on control diet (CD) followed by exposure to 7% ethanol diet (ED) for 5 days, with social interaction assessed 5 h into withdrawal. Social interaction was significantly reduced in the CRF-treated animals compared to vehicle-treated rats and vehicle-and CRF-treated rats maintained on CD, indicative that CRF given before ethanol exposure was capable of inducing an adaptive change that sensitized withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. Next, the CRF 1 receptor antagonist CRA1000 (3 mg/kg, systemically), the CRF 2 receptor antagonist antisauvagine-30 (20 μg intraventricularly), or vehicle was injected 4 h after the ethanol was removed following the first and second cycles of chronic ethanol exposure and the effect on the multiple-withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior determined after the third withdrawal cycle. The CRF 1 receptor antagonist blocked the reduced social interaction behavior, whereas the CRF 2 receptor antagonist was without effect. Similar pretreatment with another CRF 1 receptor antagonist CP-154,526 (10 mg/kg systemically) during the first and second withdrawals also counteracted anxiety-like behavior. These findings indicate that the CRF system and CRF 1 receptors play key roles in the adaptive change responsible for the anxiety-like behavior induced by repeated withdrawals from chronic ethanol.

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“…Acute D 9 -THC effects: social interaction test. The social interaction test was conducted 5 min after the emergence and EPM tests and was conducted as described previously (File and Seth, 2003) in a 50 Â 50 Â 40 cm black melamine box. Rats were placed in the apparatus for 10 min with treatment-and age-matched conspecifics of approximately the same body weight but from a different home cage.…”

Section: Behavioral Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent Rats Find Repeated Δ9-THC Less Aversive Than Adult Rats but Display Greater Residual Cognitive Deficits and Changes in Hippocampal Protein Expression Following Exposure

Quinn

Matsumoto

Callaghan

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

274

226

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The current study examined whether adolescent rats are more vulnerable than adult rats to the lasting adverse effects of cannabinoid exposure on brain and behavior. Male Wistar rats were repeatedly exposed to D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D 9 -THC, 5 mg/kg i.p.) in a place-conditioning paradigm during either the adolescent (post-natal day 28 + ) or adult (post-natal day 60 + ) developmental stages. Adult rats avoided a D 9 -THC-paired environment after either four or eight pairings and this avoidance persisted for at least 16 days following the final D 9 -THC injection. In contrast, adolescent rats showed no significant place aversion. Adult D 9 -THC-treated rats produced more vocalizations than adolescent rats when handled during the intoxicated state, also suggesting greater drug-induced aversion. After a 10-15 day washout, both adult and adolescent D 9 -THC pretreated rats showed decreased social interaction, while only D 9 -THC pretreated adolescent rats showed significantly impaired object recognition memory. Seventeen days following their last D 9 -THC injection, rats were euthanased and hippocampal tissue processed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis proteomics. There was no evidence of residual D 9 -THC being present in blood at this time. Proteomic analysis uncovered 27 proteins, many involved in regulating oxidative stress/mitochondrial functioning and cytoarchitecture, which were differentially expressed in adolescent D 9 -THC pretreated rats relative to adolescent controls. In adults, only 10 hippocampal proteins were differentially expressed in D 9 -THC compared to vehicle-pretreated controls. Overall these findings suggest that adolescent rats find repeated D 9 -THC exposure less aversive than adults, but that cannabinoid exposure causes greater lasting memory deficits and hippocampal alterations in adolescent than adult rats.

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A review of 25 years of the social interaction test

Cited by 662 publications

References 213 publications

Similar anxiety-like responses in male and female rats exposed to repeated withdrawals from ethanol

Similar anxiety-like responses in male and female rats exposed to repeated withdrawals from ethanol

Modulation of multiple ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior by CRF and CRF1 receptors

Adolescent Rats Find Repeated Δ9-THC Less Aversive Than Adult Rats but Display Greater Residual Cognitive Deficits and Changes in Hippocampal Protein Expression Following Exposure

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