A Review of a Class of Emerging Contaminants: The Classification, Distribution, Intensity of Consumption, Synthesis Routes, Environmental Effects and Expectation of Pollution Abatement to Organophosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs)

Yang, Junru; Zhao, Yuanyuan; Li, Minghao; Du, Meijin; Li, Xixi; Yu, Li

doi:10.3390/ijms20122874

Cited by 184 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 175 publications

(267 reference statements)

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“…In 2009, global PAE production stood at 6.2 million tons, of which 1.3 million tons were produced in China, mainly di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) (He et al, 2019). OPEs are listed among the most highly produced chemicals due to their high worldwide consumption (Yang et al, 2019) and their widespread used in numerous applications such as flame retardants, plasticizers and lubricants (Wei et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental occurrence of phthalate and organophosphate esters in sediments across the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea)

Alkan

Castro-Jiménez

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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Seven phthalate (PAEs) and nine organophosphate esters (OPEs) were measured in surface sediments across the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea) at twelve stations characterized by different anthropogenic signatures. ∑PAEs and ∑OPEs concentrations ranged from 2 to 766 ng/g DW (av. 196 ng/g DW) and from 4 to 227 ng/g DW (av. 54 ng/g DW), respectively. Our analysis of the potential sources of these organic plastic additives in sediments of the Gulf of Lion suggests that the dominant factors affecting their occurrence and environmental distribution are portbased industrial activities and urban pressures. Indeed, the highest ∑PAE and ∑ OPE concentrations were found close to the ports of Toulon and Marseille (Estaque) and at the sites impacted by the Marseille metropolitan area (i.e. at the outlets of the waste water treatment plant at Cortiou and at the mouth of the Huveaune River). The lowest levels were generally found in protected areas (e.g. Port-Cros) and at sites relatively far from the coast. DEHP was seen to be the most abundant PAE while TDCP, TEHP and TiBP were the most abundant OPEs in the area. Our results also expose the contribution of additives entering the Gulf of Lion via sedimentary material from the Rhône River, with positive correlations 3 between the total organic carbon (TOC) content in the sediment and the ∑PAEs and ∑OPEs concentrations. However, additive concentrations decreased from shore to offshore in the Rhône River discharge area, indicating an efficient dilution of the contaminants accumulated at the river mouth area.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental occurrence of phthalate and organophosphate esters in sediments across the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea)

Alkan

Castro-Jiménez

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Me by itself is available and used as a flame retardant, but to improve its action, melamine derivatives—such as phosphates, cyanurates, oxalate, etc.—are usually used. The limitations occur in the environmental potential impact profile (i.e., cyanurates or organophosphates as emerging contaminants) [ 24 ]. Me is far from being a green FR, but it can be found in some insects and was proven also as a bio-based resource [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Polyamide 1010 with a Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Based on Melamine–Gallic Acid Complex

et al. 2020

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This work aims at developing polyamide 1010 (PA1010) composites with improved fire behavior using a halogen-free flame-retardant system based on melamine (Me) and gallic acid (GA) complexes (MA). The MA complexes were formed by hydrogen bonding, starting from 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 Me:GA molar ratios. PA1010 composites were obtained by melt mixing, followed by compression molding. MA provided a plasticizing effect on the PA1010 matrix by decreasing the glass transition temperature. The influence of MA on PA1010 chain packaging was highlighted in the X-ray diffraction patterns, mainly in the amorphous phase, but affected also the α and γ planes. This was reflected in the dynamic mechanical properties by the reduction of the storage modulus. H-bonds occurrence in MA complexes, improved the efficiency in the gaseous form during fire exposure, facilitating the gas formation and finally reflected in thermal stability, thermo-oxidative stability, LOI results, and vertical burning behavior results. PA1010 containing a higher amount of GA in the complex (MA12) displayed a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 33.6%, much higher when compared to neat PA1010 (25.8%). Vertical burning tests showed that all the composites can achieve the V-0 rating in contrast with neat PA1010 that has V-2 classification.

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“…Commonly used detection methods include gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [ 13 – 15 ] and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [ 16 – 18 ]. Compared with GC-MS, the LC-MS/MS method showed several advantages, such as low matrix effect resulting from good separation for complex samples, high sensitivity, and accuracy [ 19 ]. Therefore, it is widely used to investigate the environmental pollution of OPEs in various environmental media [ 20 – 22 ], atmospheric particulates [ 23 ], and foodstuff [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Organophosphorus Esters in Fall Protection Equipment by Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with LC-MS/MS Detection

et al. 2021

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

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An analysis method was established to determine 14 organophosphorus ester (OPE) flame retardants in fall protection equipment by combining accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The ASE parameters were optimized as follows: static extraction with acetonitrile at 80°C for 5 min for two cycles. The combined extract was purified with the ENVI-18 cartridge before further analysis. A HILIC column was used to separate the OPEs using an acetonitrile/water mixture as the mobile phase with the detection by the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, which was operated under the positive mode. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection for the target OPEs ranged in 0.015–1.33 ng/g, with a spike recovery of 71.6%–114% and a relative standard deviation of 0.8%–11.2%. The developed method was used to analyze OPEs in fall protection equipment (safety helmets and ropes), where OPEs were all detectable. Safety ropes displayed a higher concentration of OPEs than ones in safety helmets, with the pollutants being mainly triphenyl phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, and tri-n-butyl phosphate in the range of 11.07 ng/g‒815.53 ng/g. The EHDPP was the dominant compound in safety helmets with the concentration from 26.84 to 95.29 ng/g, while the other OPEs in safety helmets were lower than 5.136 ng/g. The potential health and environmental risks of these fall protection equipment during their use and disposal call for further attention.

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A Review of a Class of Emerging Contaminants: The Classification, Distribution, Intensity of Consumption, Synthesis Routes, Environmental Effects and Expectation of Pollution Abatement to Organophosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs)

Cited by 184 publications

References 175 publications

Environmental occurrence of phthalate and organophosphate esters in sediments across the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea)

Environmental occurrence of phthalate and organophosphate esters in sediments across the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea)

Bio-Based Polyamide 1010 with a Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Based on Melamine–Gallic Acid Complex

Determination of Organophosphorus Esters in Fall Protection Equipment by Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with LC-MS/MS Detection

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