A Review of AC and DC Electric Springs

Wang, Minghao; He, Yufei; Xu, Xu; Dong, Zhekang; Lei, Yu

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3051340

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…For simplicity, sensitive and non-sensitive loads are considered to be resistive. Regarding the switching vectors provided in Table 1, the MPUC7-ES1 terminal voltage discrete model is also calculatable as (5).…”

Section: Mpuc7-es1 Fcs-mpcc-based Controllermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Model Predictive Current Control of Multilevel Smart Load Based on MPUC7 Converter

Kaymanesh¹,

Babaie

Chandra

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Considering the poor power quality performance of a two-level capacitor-based electric spring (ES1), this article presents a high-power density multilevel ES1 configuration based on a seven-level modified packed U-cell converter (MPUC7-ES1). A novel control strategy based on finite control-set model predictive current control (FCS-MPCC) is also proposed for MPUC7-ES1 application. This algorithm is designed to predict the system behavior for all the conceivable switching vectors based on the discrete models of MPUC7-ES1 that is developed for the first time. To guarantee a desirable operation, the main control objectives are the MPUC7-ES1 current, auxiliary capacitors' voltages, and switching frequency reduction. Compared with the conventional ES1 control methods, the proposed strategy has key merits including considering the dynamic models of ES1 converter, not requiring a modulator, and lower switching frequency. The operation and robustness of MPUC7-ES1 and the introduced nonlinear FCS-MPCC technique are also illustrated through extensive simulation and experimental results.INDEX TERMS Electric spring, modified packed u-cell, MPUC7, multilevel converter, MPUC7-ES1, model predictive current control, power electronics, smart load.

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Section: Mpuc7-es1 Fcs-mpcc-based Controllermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it is investigated that ES1 can also mitigate frequency fluctuations through compensating active power indirectly [4]. Still, most of the reported works in this area are focused on ES2 and ES3 [3], [5]. Therefore, the need for more focused research on ES1 is clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model Predictive Current Control of Multilevel Smart Load Based on MPUC7 Converter

Kaymanesh¹,

Babaie

Chandra

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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“…e stability of all electrical systems depends on the balance between generation and demand. e traditional power system follows a strategy based on power generation rather than load demand [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Shunt DC Electric Spring-Based Control Strategy for Real-Time Critical and Noncritical Load Management in DC Microgrid

Anu

Harikumar

Ushakumari

2022

International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems

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Deployment of DC Electric Spring (DCES) technology is an innovative demand side management (DSM) program that helps to mitigate voltage interruptions. Conventional control strategy uses proportional-integral controllers to regulate DC spring parameters. As PI controllers have a trade-off between settling time and peak overshoot, they may not be able to achieve the desired dynamic performance under varying DC microgrid (DCMG) conditions. In this regard, this paper proposes an inverted zero compensator for the control of shunt DCES (ShDCES) in DCMG. This controller regulates the ShDCES current and terminal voltage under all operating conditions with reduced settling time and peak overshoot. A power management algorithm is also proposed to optimize the operation of ShDCES under the presence of varying PV generation and critical and noncritical loads. A detailed mathematical analysis of ShDCES and inverted zero compensator design are furthermore incorporated to validate the strategy. The simulation of the proposed method is performed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The comparison analysis with the conventional controller proves the effectiveness of the new controller. The results are also validated using real-time simulator OP4510RTS.

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“…Such a smart load with parallel connection to critical loads (e.g., security systems and computers) changes its consumption to follow the fluctuations caused by the network to ensure critical load voltage regulation at the nominal value. It should be noted that non-critical loads have a relatively large tolerance threshold of applied voltage and can withstand a wide range of voltage fluctuations [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Control Method for Voltage Regulation and Harmonic Mitigation Using Electric Spring

2021

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An electric spring (ES) with series connection to non-critical loads (NCLs) is mainly known as a smart load (SL) technology that can compensate undervoltages and overvoltages. In this paper, an improved control method is presented for the electric spring to regulate the effective value of the critical load (CL) voltage to the nominal value and to compensate the harmonics of the critical load voltage caused by the grid side. The electric spring’s performance for simultaneous voltage magnitude regulation and harmonic distortion compensation is investigated through simulation studies. The results are compared with those of a conventional control scheme. It has been demonstrated that the electric spring, using the improved control system, reduces the amplitude deviation and distortion of critical load voltage.

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A Review of AC and DC Electric Springs

Cited by 21 publications

References 55 publications

Model Predictive Current Control of Multilevel Smart Load Based on MPUC7 Converter

Model Predictive Current Control of Multilevel Smart Load Based on MPUC7 Converter

A Shunt DC Electric Spring-Based Control Strategy for Real-Time Critical and Noncritical Load Management in DC Microgrid

Improved Control Method for Voltage Regulation and Harmonic Mitigation Using Electric Spring

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