A review of anoa conservation efforts in Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract

Anoa is an endemic Sulawesi mammal and listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This conservation status represents the critical condition of declining population in the wild due to continuing habitat loss and poaching. This paper aims to review anoa conservation efforts both in-situ and ex-situ that have been conducted by the Government of Indonesia, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private companies, and local communities in Sulawesi. A number of 16 papers were reviewed in order to gather some information regarding the conservation efforts in Sulawesi. Several protected areas were established to protect Sulawesi biodiversity, including anoa. Local communities within the park (e.g., Toro local people) contribute to this effort by having customary laws, not to hunting anoa. The government also ratified relevant policies and regulations to support anoa conservation. Anoa Breeding Center in North Sulawesi was started in 2010 to foster research and breeding program. The center has been working together with other local conservation NGOs, Nature Resources Conservation Agency, and private sectors through their corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs to set up anoa sanctuaries. Also, to organize outreach activities to raise social awareness of this charismatic animal. Increasing the anoa population depends on the continuity of these concerted efforts and regional regulations should be created to improve anoa conservation programs.

Genetic Diversity of the Endangered Endemic Anoa (Bubalus spp): Implication for Conservation

“…On the other hand, the genetic diversity of wild populations has been shown to differ from captive populations (Bailey et al 2007;Dantas et al 2013;Jiang et al 2005;Miller et al 2014). Unfortunately, due to continued habitat loss and poaching, the population size of anoa in their natural habitat is estimated to be rapidly declining (Arini et al 2020). Drastic population decline can lead to genetic drift caused by bottlenecks.…”

Keanekaragaman Jenis Burung di Pulau Untung Jawa Kepulauan Seribu Provinsi DKI Jakarta

“…Nilai IS dapat menunjukkan bahwa kedua tipe habitat memiliki kesamaan dalam mendukung kehidupan burung yang ada di dalamnya. Banyak faktor yang mendukung tinggi atau rendahnya kesamaan komunitas burung diantaranya adalah faktor ketinggian, penggunaan lahan, serta tipe vegetasi (Arini et al, 2023)…”

Species Distribution Modelling Using Bioclimatic Variables on Endangered Endemic Species (Bubalus depressicornis and Bubalus quarlesi)

“…The author is also limited to three species distribution model algorithms. The selection of variables on several factors that influence their distribution in nature is not taken into account such as human activities which are a real threat to this species (O'Brien & Kinnaird, 1996;Burton et al, 2005;Mustari, 2019;Arini et al, 2020;Aldiansyah, 2022).…”