A review of antibiotic removal from domestic wastewater using the activated sludge process: removal routes, kinetics and operational parameters

Metallo-β-lactamases immobilized by magnetic zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-8 for degradation of β-lactam antibiotics in an aqueous environment

“…[14][15][16] Several primary methods for removing b-lactam antibiotics include activated sludge, UV oxidation, and biodegradation techniques. The activated sludge, mainly applied by manufacturers, cannot completely remove various types of antibiotics from wastewater, 17 and the oxidation process 18,19 is temporarily difficult to reach industrial-scale due to the high initial investment, complex treatment process, and demanding conditions required. By contrast, bio-enzymes are an ideal, efficient, lowcost, and environmentally friendly technology, which includes non-selective oxidative enzymes such as laccase 20 and specic lactam hydrolases.…”

Wide-Scope Target and Suspect Screening of Antibiotics in Effluent Wastewater from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Europe

“…Being one of the most common wastewater treatment systems, the conventional activated sludge (CAS) system is adopted in majority of the studied WWTPs. CAS systems are generally well designed for removing organic compounds and nutrients, but the removal variability on certain antibiotics is large, which could promote the development of antibiotic-resistance in the aquatic ecosystems [2,14]. Therefore, it is essential to establish the occurrence profile of antibiotics in wastewater, which could be used for the forecast of antibiotic resistance utilizing artificial intelligence and statistical approaches [15].…”