“…Due to the plastic incompatibility between the hard and soft zones in HS materials [8], geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) in the soft zones pile up and accumulate near the zone boundaries, generating back stress in the soft zones and positive stress in the hard zones, which collectively produce heterogeneous deformation-induced (HDI) stresses, thereby increasing the strength and ductility of the material [9][10][11]. HS materials [12] include heterogeneous lamellar structured materials [13], gradient structured materials [14][15][16][17][18], lamellar structured materials [19][20][21], and bimodal/multimodal structures [22,23]. HS materials without metallurgical bonding interfaces have been applied in the field of armor, such as ceramic/metal composite armor, which has attracted a lot of attention for its excellent ballistic performance [24,25].…”