A review of bacterial cellulose-based drug delivery systems: their biochemistry, current approaches and future prospects

Abeer, Muhammad Mustafa; Amin, Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd; Martin, Claire

doi:10.1111/jphp.12234

Cited by 317 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Thus, formation of AL biofilm in Pcc PC1 may protect the cells against unfavorable environment. Moreover, the matrix of AL biofilm of Pcc PC1 is composed of cellulose which is commercially available as a wound dressing material (Abeer et al, 2014). Further research endeavors with Pcc PC1 could look into this area of possibilities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CytR Homolog of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Controls Air-Liquid Biofilm Formation by Regulating Multiple Genes Involved in Cellulose Production, c-di-GMP Signaling, Motility, and Type III Secretion System in Response to Nutritional and Environmental Signals

et al. 2017

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Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum [Pcc (formerly Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora)] PC1 causes soft-rot disease in a wide variety of plant species by secreting multiple pathogenicity-related traits. In this study, regulatory mechanism of air-liquid (AL) biofilm formation was studied using a cytR homolog gene deletion mutant (ΔcytR) of Pcc PC1. Compared to the wild type (Pcc PC1), the ΔcytR mutant produced fragile and significantly (P < 0.001) lower amounts of AL biofilm on salt-optimized broth plus 2% glycerol (SOBG), yeast peptone dextrose adenine, and also on King’s B at 27°C after 72 h incubation in static condition. The wild type also produced significantly higher quantities of AL biofilm on SOBGMg– (magnesium deprived) containing Cupper (Cu2+), Zinc (Zn2+), Manganese (Mn2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), and Calcium (Ca2+) compared to the ΔcytR mutant. Moreover, the wild type was produced higher amounts of biofilms compared to the mutant while responding to pH and osmotic stresses. The ΔfliC (encoding flagellin), flhD::Tn5 (encoding a master regulator) and ΔmotA (a membrane protein essential for flagellar rotation) mutants produced a lighter and more fragile AL biofilm on SOBG compared to their wild counterpart. All these mutants resulted in having weak bonds with the cellulose specific dye (Calcofluor) producing lower quantities of cellulose compared to the wild type. Gene expression analysis using mRNA collected from the AL biofilms showed that ΔcytR mutant significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the expressions of multiple genes responsible for cellulose production (bcsA, bcsE, and adrA), motility (flhD, fliA, fliC, and motA) and type III secretion system (hrpX, hrpL, hrpA, and hrpN) compared to the wild type. The CytR homolog was therefore, argued to be able to regulate the AL biofilm formation by controlling cellulose production, motility and T3SS in Pcc PC1. In addition, all the mutants exhibited poorer attachment to radish sprouts and AL biofilm cells of the wild type was resistant than stationary-phase and planktonic cells to acidity and oxidative stress compared to the same cells of the ΔcytR mutant. The results of this study therefore suggest that CytR homolog is a major determinant of Pcc PC1’s virulence, attachment and its survival mechanism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CytR Homolog of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Controls Air-Liquid Biofilm Formation by Regulating Multiple Genes Involved in Cellulose Production, c-di-GMP Signaling, Motility, and Type III Secretion System in Response to Nutritional and Environmental Signals

et al. 2017

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“…These features make bacterial cellulose an attractive biocompatible material, which is already commercially available as a wound dressing material for complicated wounds such as skin ulcers [76, 77]. Potential applications of bacterial cellulose and its derivatives also include their use as scaffolds for the replacement of small-diameter blood vessels [78, 79] and as drug delivery systems [77, 80], as well as membranes and filters. At this time, only K. xylinus- related bacteria produce cellulose in amounts sufficient for industrial use [80].…”

Section: Applications Of Cellulose Synthasementioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial cellulose biosynthesis: diversity of operons, subunits, products, and functions

Römling

Galperin

2015

Trends in Microbiology

457

407

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Summary Recent studies of bacterial cellulose biosynthesis, including structural characterization of a functional cellulose synthase complex, provided the first mechanistic insight into this fascinating process. In most studied bacteria, just two subunits, BcsA and BcsB, are necessary and sufficient for the formation of the polysaccharide chain in vitro. Other subunits – which differ among various taxa – affect the enzymatic activity and product yield in vivo by modulating expression of biosynthesis apparatus, export of the nascent β-D-glucan polymer to the cell surface, and the organization of cellulose fibers into a higher-order structure. These auxiliary subunits play key roles in determining the quantity and structure of the resulting biofilm, which is particularly important for interactions of bacteria with higher organisms that lead to rhizosphere colonization and modulate virulence of cellulose-producing bacterial pathogens inside and outside of host cells. Here we review the organization of four principal types of cellulose synthase operons found in various bacterial genomes, identify additional bcs genes that encode likely components of the cellulose biosynthesis and secretion machinery, and propose a unified nomenclature for these genes and subunits. We also discuss the role of cellulose as a key component of biofilms formed by a variety of free-living and pathogenic bacteria and, for the latter, in the choice between acute infection and persistence in the host.

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“…It is therefore considered to have great potential as a nanomaterial in various high-tech contexts, including biomedical applications, most notably in controlled drug-delivery systems [18,19]. The aerodynamic diameters of the silica particles used in most silicosis models range from 0.5 to 5 µm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalation of Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers Facilitates Silica Particle Clearance in a Rat Silicosis Model

Li¹

2016

AJCEM

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Abstract:Background: Millions of workers globally are afflicted by pneumoconiosis, a disease caused by inhaling dust or particles. A particularly prevalent form is silicosis, caused by inhaling silica particles. The Chinese herbal medicine kombucha, which contains Gluconacetobacter xylinus and yeasts, can effectively clear dust from rats' lungs. The study presented here assessed the potential effectiveness of inhalable bacterial cellulose nanofibers (IBCNs) prepared from G. xylinus cultures for facilitating clearance of silica particles in a rat silicosis model. Methods: For this purpose, 50 mg portions of silica dust were injected into lungs of rats, which were subsequently exposed to IBCNs for a month. The treatment's effects were then evaluated by examining the extent and severity of histopathological lesions in the animals' lungs, analyzing gas contents of blood samples, and determining organ coefficients, lung collagen contents, lungs' dry and wet weights, silica particle clearance rates, and both numbers and types of cells in lung lavage fluid. Results: IBCN inhalation was found to relieve the detrimental effects of silica exposure and facilitated silica particle clearance in a rat silicosis model. Unexpectedly, our results also indicated that saline inhalation also strongly stimulates silica particle clearance from rat lungs. Conclusions: These results provide the first evidence for a functional effect of IBCN inhalation in a rat silicosis model, indicating that bacterial cellulose nanofiber inhalation can facilitate silica particle clearance. Further studies are required to determine whether these effects are mediated by IBCN and define the mechanisms involved. The findings also indicate that salt water may effectively clear dust from lungs, thereby alleviating risks of silicosis and reducing risks associated with haze and smog.

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A review of bacterial cellulose-based drug delivery systems: their biochemistry, current approaches and future prospects

Cited by 317 publications

References 101 publications

CytR Homolog of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Controls Air-Liquid Biofilm Formation by Regulating Multiple Genes Involved in Cellulose Production, c-di-GMP Signaling, Motility, and Type III Secretion System in Response to Nutritional and Environmental Signals

CytR Homolog of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Controls Air-Liquid Biofilm Formation by Regulating Multiple Genes Involved in Cellulose Production, c-di-GMP Signaling, Motility, and Type III Secretion System in Response to Nutritional and Environmental Signals

Bacterial cellulose biosynthesis: diversity of operons, subunits, products, and functions

Inhalation of Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers Facilitates Silica Particle Clearance in a Rat Silicosis Model

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