A Review of Behavioral Tests to Evaluate Different Types of Anxiety and Anti-anxiety Effects

Himanshu, .; Dharmila,; Sarkar, Deepa; Nutan,

doi:10.9758/cpn.2020.18.3.341

Cited by 131 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Elevated plus maze. The elevated plus maze is a standard test for measuring anxiety in rodents 28 . Wild-type, CF, Hdac6 knockout (HDA) and CF/Hdac6 double knockout mice (DKO) were allowed to move freely through out an elevated plus maze for five minutes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alleviation of depression-like behavior in a cystic fibrosis mouse model by Hdac6 depletion

Corey

Rymut

Kelley

2020

Sci Rep

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients experience heightened levels of anxiety and depression. Stress from dealing with chronic disease and rigorous treatment regimens certainly are primary contributors to these outcomes. We previously have demonstrated that microtubule alterations in CF are linked to a number of CF phenotypes including growth regulation and inflammatory responses to airway bacterial challenge. Deletion of histone deactelyase 6 (HDAC6), a cytosolic deacetylase that regulates tubulin acetylation, in CF mice restores growth and inflammatory phenotypes to wild type (WT) profiles. In this study, the hypothesis that Hdac6 depletion in CF mice would impact behaviors since Hda6 inhibition has been previously reported to have anti-depressive properties. Data demonstrate that CF mice exhibit reduced activity and reduced open arm time in an elevated plus maze test which can be consistent with anxiety-like behavior. CF mice also exhibit depression-like behaviors compared to WT mice in an age dependent manner. By eight weeks of age, CF mice exhibit significantly more immobile time in the tail-suspension test, however, Hdac6 depletion reverses the depressive phenotype. These data demonstrate that loss of CFTR function may predispose patients to experience depression and that this behavior is Hdac6 dependent.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Open field. A second method to analyze anxiety-like behavior in rodents is the open field test28 . Mice were placed in the center of this box and their movement, location preference, and behavior was recorded for five minutes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alleviation of depression-like behavior in a cystic fibrosis mouse model by Hdac6 depletion

Corey

Rymut

Kelley

2020

Sci Rep

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“…The OF test is one of the most commonly used tests of anxiety behavior because it triggers a conflict between an animal’s desire to explore and its fear of venturing into the OF ( Sarkar, 2020 ). After 30 min of habituation, a rat was put into the central area of the box (100 cm × 100 cm × 50 cm) in a dimly lit room.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Chronic Inflammatory Pain-Related Anxiety by Activating PV Interneurons in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

et al. 2021

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Chronic inflammatory pain is a common clinical disease that tends to be associated with negative emotions such as anxiety and depression. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in pain and pain-related anxiety, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons play an important role in chronic pain and anxiety. Electroacupuncture (EA) has good analgesic and antianxiety effect, but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we established a chronic inflammatory pain model and observed that this model induced anxiety-like behaviors and decreased the numbers of parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SOM) positive cells. Activation of PV but not SOM interneurons by chemogenetic techniques alleviated anxiety-like behaviors and pain sensation. EA treatment improved pain sensation, anxiety-like behaviors and increased the number of PV- positive cells in the ACC, but did not affect on the number of SOM-positive cells in the ACC. Moreover, specific inhibition of PV interneurons by chemogenetic methods reversed the analgesic and antianxiety effects of EA. These results suggest that EA ameliorates chronic inflammatory pain and pain-related anxiety by upregulating PV but not SOM interneurons in the ACC.

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“…The EPM is the most widely-used animal model for investigating the pathophysiological bases of anxiety, as well as for screening anxiety-modulating drugs and mouse genotypes. After nearly 40 years of use, with nearly 8700 publications listed as of May 2021 (PubMed, NIH National Library of Medicine), the EPM remains the gold standard against which other behavioral tests for anxiety are measured, at least in males ( 52 , 56 , 57 ). Even so, some have expressed reservations about the use of the EPM ( 20 ).…”

Section: Animal Models Of Anxiety—behavior Of Females In Male Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Estrous Cycle on Behavior of Females in Rodent Tests of Anxiety

2021

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Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. In women the menstrual cycle introduces another variable; indeed, some conditions e.g., premenstrual syndrome, are menstrual cycle specific. Animal models of fear and anxiety, which form the basis for research into drug treatments, have been developed almost exclusively, using males. There remains a paucity of work using females and the available literature presents a confusing picture. One confound is the estrous cycle in females, which some authors consider, but many do not. Importantly, there are no accepted standardized criteria for defining cycle phase, which is important given the rapidly changing hormonal profile during the 4-day cycle of rodents. Moreover, since many behavioral tests that involve a learning component or that consider extinction of a previously acquired association require several days to complete; the outcome may depend on the phase of the cycle on the days of training as well as on test days. In this article we consider responsiveness of females compared to males in a number of commonly used behavioral tests of anxiety and fear that were developed in male rodents. We conclude that females perform in a qualitatively similar manner to males in most tests although there may be sex and strain differences in sensitivity. Tests based on unconditioned threatening stimuli are significantly influenced by estrous cycle phase with animals displaying increased responsiveness in the late diestrus phase of the cycle (similar to the premenstrual phase in women). Tests that utilize conditioned fear paradigms, which involve a learning component appear to be less impacted by the estrous cycle although sex and cycle-related differences in responding can still be detected. Ethologically-relevant tests appear to have more translational value in females. However, even when sex differences in behavior are not detected, the same outward behavioral response may be mediated by different brain mechanisms. In order to progress basic research in the field of female psychiatry and psychopharmacology, there is a pressing need to validate and standardize experimental protocols for using female animal models of anxiety-related states.

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A Review of Behavioral Tests to Evaluate Different Types of Anxiety and Anti-anxiety Effects

Cited by 131 publications

References 60 publications

Alleviation of depression-like behavior in a cystic fibrosis mouse model by Hdac6 depletion

Alleviation of depression-like behavior in a cystic fibrosis mouse model by Hdac6 depletion

Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Chronic Inflammatory Pain-Related Anxiety by Activating PV Interneurons in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Effect of Estrous Cycle on Behavior of Females in Rodent Tests of Anxiety

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