“…The rapid development of affordable technology, widespread use of the internet, and the development of smart and portable devices that can connect to the internet via wireless or cellular networks, as well as the increasing number of different sectors and individuals utilizing these technologies, have significantly increased the amount of data generated in various sizes, formats, speeds, and types (Khan et al, 2021). Moreover, this digital transformation has triggered the generation of data and profoundly altered people's daily activities and habits as a result of the implementation of various applications in education, finance, health care, business, commerce, manufacturing, retail, and government services to facilitate daily activities (Dutta & Jayapal, 2016;Kejariwal et al, 2017;Syed et al, 2021;Tang et al, 2022).…”