A review of bio-refining process intensification in catalytic conversion reactions, separations and purifications of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural

RDRP (Meth)acrylic Homo and Block Polymers from Lignocellulosic Sugar Derivatives

“…[6,116,117,118] Bio-based FL is obtained from polymeric pentoses present in the biomass, that are hydrolyzed to the corresponding monosaccharides, dehydrated, and finally cyclized. [119,120] FL can be reduced to furfuryl alcohol, a functional alcohol with a growing number of potential applications, including an industrial solvent, plastisizer, in fine chemicals, adhesives, and as a fuel precursor. [121,122] The primary OH group in furfuryl alcohol offers a straightforward pathway to prepare the corresponding methacrylate monomer (FLMA) which is commercially available (see Figure 3).…”

Sustainable Approaches to Selective Conversion of Cellulose Into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Promoted by Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts: A Review

“…Cellulose is a polymer of glucose with varying degrees of polymerization; hemicellulose is a heteropolymer of pentose and glucose linked by β -1, 4-glycosidic bonds; lignin mainly consists of amorphous aromatic macromolecules ( Cao et al, 2019 ; Mansora et al, 2019 ; Yang et al, 2020 ). In recent years, tremendous practical applications for cellulose converted selectively into some high value-added chemicals through multistep promotions have been focused ( Li et al, 2017 ; Li X. et al, 2018 ; Wang H. et al, 2019 ; Slak et al, 2022 ), for instance, the efficient conversion of cellulose into levulinic acid by using cellulase-mimetic mesoporous solid acid ( Shen et al, 2017 ), selective conversion of bio-based hemicellulose prehydrolysate to high-value succinic acid ( Dalli et al, 2017 ), one-pot chemoenzymatic transformation of furfuryl alcohol from biomass ( Qin and He., 2020 ), catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose into furan by solid acid catalysts (Nb 2 O 5 , γ -Al 2 O 3 , ZSM-5, and TS-1) ( Zhu et al, 2021 ; Huang X. et al, 2022 ), and one-pot production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from cellulose using Brønsted-type catalysts (Al-SBA-15) ( Shirai et al, 2017 ). Moreover, in pharmaceutical preparation, microcrystalline cellulose is a commonly used drug excipient, which is good for active drug molecules to be absorbed in the small intestine ( Gadge, 2020 ; Benabbas et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Many efficient solid acids as catalysts with novel carbon frameworks have been developed and utilized in selective biomass conversions. The related investigations on some protocols for cellulose converted into 5-HMF loading heterogeneous solid acids have been only briefly documented and discussed in previous published reviews ( Shen et al, 2020 ; Xu et al, 2020 ; Tempelman et al, 2021 ; Slak et al, 2022 ). In this review, numerous recent applications of the selective conversions for cellulose into 5-HMF as a high value-added industrial chemical are emphasized via heterogeneous catalysis.…”

Continuous flow Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction of HMF and furfural using basic zirconium carbonate

“…11 As a result, this enabling chemical technology is key for process intensication of platform chemicals. 12 Furfuryl alcohol (9) has been used as starting material for the synthesis of resins in the foundry industry. [13][14][15] Although the reduction of the carbonyl group of furfural is enough to produce furfuryl alcohol, it is still a challenging process to develop in large scale.…”

“… 11 As a result, this enabling chemical technology is key for process intensification of platform chemicals. 12 …”