A Review of Biomaterials and Associated Performance Metrics Analysis in Pre-Clinical Finite Element Model and in Implementation Stages for Total Hip Implant System

Abstract

Total hip replacement (THR) is a common orthopedic surgery technique that helps thousands of individuals to live normal lives each year. A hip replacement replaces the shattered cartilage and bone with an implant. Most hip implants fail after 10–15 years. The material selection for the total hip implant systems is a major research field since it affects the mechanical and clinical performance of it. Stress shielding due to excessive contact stress, implant dislocation due to a large deformation, aseptic implant loosening due to the particle propagation of wear debris, decreased bone remodeling density due to the stress shielding, and adverse tissue responses due to material wear debris all contribute to the failure of hip implants. Recent research shows that pre-clinical computational finite element analysis (FEA) can be used to estimate four mechanical performance parameters of hip implants which are connected with distinct biomaterials: von Mises stress and deformation, micromotion, wear estimates, and implant fatigue. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical stages are utilized to determine the hip implant biocompatibility and the unfavorable local tissue reactions to different biomaterials during the implementation phase. This research summarizes and analyses the performance of the different biomaterials that are employed in total hip implant systems in the pre-clinical stage using FEA, as well as their performances in in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical studies, which will help researchers in gaining a better understanding of the prospects and challenges in this field.

Polycrystalline Diamond as a Potential Material for the Hard-on-Hard Bearing of Total Hip Prosthesis: Von Mises Stress Analysis

“…These materials would generally be fabricated with conventional machining [ 49 ]. However, it is not possible to fabricate PCD with conventional machining that requires electrical discharge machining (EDM) [ 50 ] or laser machining [ 51 ] due to the high level of fabrication difficulty as it has superior hardness compared to metals, ceramics, and polymers [ 52 ]. Fabrication methods using EDM and laser machining are very expensive and require sophisticated fabrication equipment when compared to conventional machining; this renders PCD far less affordable compared to metals, ceramics, and polymers [ 53 ].…”

Advancement in total hip implant: a comprehensive review of mechanics and performance parameters across diverse novelties

“…2 The procedure of assessing hip implant performance with different stem structures in FEM and in vitro environments. 35,80 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023 apparent density r app can be deduced from ash density derived via Hounsfield Units (HU) in CT scans, using eqn (1) reported in ref. [12][13][14].…”

“…7 A typical view of (a) stress distribution on implanted femur bone and (b) micromotion at the implant-bone interface. 80 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023 pattern of lattice structure is maintained in the regions with the lowest stress (i.e., at the implant's centre) to achieve a sparser local relative density. Consequently, the hip implant with functionally graded lattice structures showed excellent mechanical behaviour with the required Young's modulus match between the stiffer implant and the surrounding bone tissue.…”

Mimicking the neural stem cell niche: An engineer’s view of cell: material interactions

“…Mechanical properties of a biomaterial are key factors that need to be intentionally designed into scaffolds to mimic neural stem cell niche. Failure of tissue integration due to mechanical mismatch between a biomaterial and its surrounding tissue has been well described in other systems such as bone or cardiovascular tissue (Soliman et al, 2022;Boccafoschi et al, 2017), and when selecting materials for use, it is an important design constraint here due to the brain's soft nature. Biomechanical measurement of brain tissue is challenging due to its softness, leading to inconsistent findings by comparing different reports; the properties of the brain vary with age, sex and disease (Budday et al, 2017).…”