A review of biomimetic scaffolds for bone regeneration: Toward a cell‐free strategy

Abstract

In clinical terms, bone grafting currently involves the application of autogenous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic bone grafts, as well as natural or artificially synthesized materials, such as polymers, bioceramics, and other composites. Many of these are associated with limitations. The ideal scaffold for bone tissue engineering should provide mechanical support while promoting osteogenesis, osteoconduction, and even osteoinduction. There are various structural complications and engineering difficulties to be considered. Here, we describe the biomimetic possibilities of the modification of natural or synthetic materials through physical and chemical design to facilitate bone tissue repair. This review summarizes recent progresses in the strategies for constructing biomimetic scaffolds, including ion‐functionalized scaffolds, decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds, and micro‐ and nano‐scale biomimetic scaffold structures, as well as reactive scaffolds induced by physical factors, and other acellular scaffolds. The fabrication techniques for these scaffolds, along with current strategies in clinical bone repair, are described. The developments in each category are discussed in terms of the connection between the scaffold materials and tissue repair, as well as the interactions with endogenous cells. As the advances in bone tissue engineering move toward application in the clinical setting, the demonstration of the therapeutic efficacy of these novel scaffold designs is critical.

Fabrication of Antibacterial, Osteo‐Inductor 3D Printed Aerogel‐Based Scaffolds by Incorporation of Drug Laden Hollow Mesoporous Silica Microparticles into the Self‐Assembled Silk Fibroin Biopolymer

“…In this regard, drug-laden functional nano-and microparticles or soluble drugs alone can be mixed or loaded with the ink/ or sol of the synthetic or natural biopolymers prior to the gelation, which are then 3D printed to form a functional 3D gel-based scaffold. [9] Silk fibroin (SF) biopolymer, extracted from Bombyx mori silkworm cocoon, has shown excellent potential as artificial ECM for bone repair due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ease of processability. [10][11][12] The regenerated SF protein can be shaped in any macroscopic form of the scaffold to adapt to the patient-specific clinical setting.…”

A collagen‐silica‐based biocomposite for potential application in bone tissue engineering

“…The aim of this work was to synthesize a composite using SiO 2 particle as the mineral phase. It must be pointed out, however, that collagen can be combined with a ceramic material using other approaches, such as biomineralization and intrafibrillar silicification of collagen fibrils 32‐34 …”

“…It must be pointed out, however, that collagen can be combined with a ceramic material using other approaches, such as biomineralization and intrafibrillar silicification of collagen fibrils. [32][33][34] There is extensive research on a number of forms of silicon, including bioactive glass, silica particles, and silica xerogels. Bioactive glasses are bioceramics that are solid, nonporous, and hard materials and that consist of a main component of silicon dioxide (or silicate)…”

Implantation of Various Cell-Free Matrixes Does Not Contribute to the Restoration of Hyaline Cartilage within Full-Thickness Focal Defects

“…The absence of cell elements allows avoiding the high cost of the method, additional invasiveness, the duration of preparatory work, ethical and legal aspects. Such an approach is quite successfully applied in bone tissue regeneration [ 21 ]. On the other hand, articular cartilage is not innervated, vascularized, and has very limited regenerative potential, unlike bone tissue.…”