A review of cells based on lithium negative electrodes (anodes)

Insertion Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

“…Due to the low melting point of metallic Li (about 180 C) the local overheat can trigger a disastrous thermal runaway. [216,219±221] Several approaches have been pursued to improve the rechargeability and reliability of the metallic lithium electrode: i) by using liquid electrolytes that are less reactive toward lithium (e.g., highly purified or ªadditive-stabilizedº electrolytes); [96,153,157,158,164,222±234] ii) by using polymer electrolytes; [49,50,114±118,163,217,235] iii) by adding surface active agents such as hydrocarbons, quarternary ammonium salts, and others that level the regrowth of metallic lithium; [208,209,215,227,228,236±239] iv) by controlling the properties of the metal surface and of the SEI using additives such as CO 2 , [151,164,240±249] N 2 O, [240] S x 2± , [240,250] HF, [162,251±255] and H 2 O [164,243,256] (the additives may influence both the film formation and lithium plating process); v) by coating the lithium with a lithium-ion conducting membrane; [257±260] vi) by adding scavengers to the electrolyte that dissolve the dendritic lithium filaments; [148,180] vii) by using mechanical pressure to suppress dendritic lithium growth; [46,261,262] and viii) by ªlow-temperature pre-cyclingº. [263,264] However, all of the above attempts brought only partial improvements to the cycle life of the lithium electrode.…”

Synthesis of novel CuS with hierarchical structures and its application in lithium-ion batteries

“…Then, several attempts had been made to use CuS as electrode materials for a rechargeable Li-ion battery [25][26][27]. Herein, some preliminary electrochemical characterizations of the as-obtained CuS as electrode materials were investigated.…”

Studies of the pulse charge of lead-acid batteries for PV applications

“…Using the concept of the average double layer particularly the PbO 2 /electrolyte interphase. EIS is also widely used as a tool for estimation of the state of charge (SoC) and state of health (SoH) of the battery [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”