A review of cellulose-based substrates for SERS: fundamentals, design principles, applications

Formation of dialysis-free Kombucha-based bacterial nanocellulose embedded in a polypyrrole/PVA composite for bulk conductivity measurements

“…[4][5][6][7] Nanocellulose is typically in the shape of nanowhiskers or rods with a high aspect ratio (3-5 nm wide, 50-500 nm length) and is highly crystalline (60-90%). 8,9 Nanocellulose has emerged as a natural source for groundbreaking applications in materials science [10][11][12] and has demonstrated uses in diverse elds, including adsorbents for environmental remediation, 13 as hydrogels and aerogels, 14 as a suitable substrate for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) studies, 15 for chemical and surface modications on the cellulosic backbone, 16,17 as composite inks for 3D bioprinting, 18 as an iridescent chiral nematic material, 19 and several applications in biomedicine. [20][21][22][23][24] During sulfuric acid hydrolysis of cellulose, the protic acid catalyzes the cleavage of a chemical bond by a nucleophilic substitution reaction 7 with sulfate groups (R-OSO 3 À ) forming on the nanocellulose surface; 25 cleavage occur along the amorphous regions of the cellulose and upon sonication crystalline rod-like nanocellulose whiskers form.…”

Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Functionalization of Flexible Optical Biosensors: Toward Smart Life-Sciences Applications

“…Dallari et al [50] recently reported a novel SERS-microfluidic prototypes combining On the contrary, Asgari et al, [116] proposed a cellulose/Au@Ag nanocomposite, as a SERS platform for the detection of pesticides (thiram and paraquat). Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers on earth that has gained attention due to its intrinsic properties, ease of functionalization, and biodegradability [117]. The natural wrinkles and high porosity of cellulose combined with plasmonic nanoparticles result in a high SERS sensitivity.…”

Ultrasensitive Physical, Bio, and Chemical Sensors Derived from 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐D Nanocellulosic Materials

“…Giese and Spengler22 presented an excellent summary on the success of using CNC for photonic sensing. Very recently, Ogundare and van Zyl23 reviewed research in using nanocellulose‐based substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) since SERS offers a useful platform for sensing applications. Nguyen et al24 also reported the utilization of nanocellulose for different sensors.…”