A Review of Chemical Contaminants in Marine and Fresh Water Fish in Nigeria

Abstract

Pollutants in aquatic food are a major global concern for food safety and are a challenge to both national and international regulatory bodies. In the present work, we have reviewed available data on the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), persistent organic pollutants, metals, and microplastics in freshwater and marine fish in Nigeria with reference to international maximum levels for contaminants in food and the potential risk to human health. While most of the contaminant levels reported for fish do not imply any health issues, iron and lead may represent potentially toxic levels in fish from specific areas. Studies on PAHs in marine fish are scarce in Nigeria, and the main focus is on the environmental pollution caused by PAHs rather than on their presence in food. The findings suggest that the consumption of smoked Ethmalosa fimbriata poses a higher potential carcinogenic risk than the other fish species that were investigated. Most of the other studies on PAHs in smoked fish are focused on the smoking method, and little information is available on the initial level of PAHs prior to the smoking process. Metal contamination in fish appeared to be affected by mineral deposits in the environment and industrial effluents. In general, heavy metal levels in fish are below the maximum levels, while there is limited data available on POPs of relevance to food safety in fish from Nigeria, particularly in terms of dioxins, brominated flame retardants, and fluorinated compounds. Furthermore, there is currently limited information on the levels of microplastics in fish from Nigerian waters. This work revealed the need for a more systematic sampling strategy for fish in order to identify the most vulnerable species, the hot spots of contaminants, and applicable food safety control measures for fish produced and consumed in Nigeria.

Divergent beliefs about food safety and affordability in Nigeria

“…Among these contaminants, bacterial hazards are the biggest contributor to the burden of disease in Africa ( Havelaar et al, 2015 ). In Nigeria, where about half of fish come from open water and half from aquaculture, pollutants in water bodies and use of contaminated water or feed are significant production level risks ( Uzomah et al, 2021 ; Obadina 2023a ). Post capture/harvest handling, storage, and transportation procedures can also result in contamination ( Olaimat and Holley, 2012 ; Obadina, 2023a ).…”

Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Concentrations in Locally Smoked and Fresh Clarias Gariepinus from Government Assisted Clustered Fish Farm, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria

“…In Nigeria, smoked or barbecued fish is one of the consumer's preferences for eating fish, and data shows that out of 30,000 Tons of various freshwater and brackish water fish species produced in Nigeria, about 61% are smoked [12]. Fish smoking is one of the prehistoric technologies of fish processing and preservation that has been assisting fishermen, fish farmers and fish mongers for ages.…”

Status of persistent organic pollutants in Ethiopia

“…However, the plan has not been updated despite additional POPs being included in the convention, which puts Ethiopia behind other countries in the region (e.g., Kenya, Burundi, Tanzania, and Seychelles) that have updated their NIPs. Several reviews have been conducted on the POP situation in different countries, focusing on research trends and regulation (Sheriff et al, 2021), environmental levels and human exposure (Minh et al, 2008;Mazlan et al, 2017;Bruce-Vanderpuije et al, 2019;Helou et al, 2019;Olisah et al, 2021;Rezania et al, 2022), sources (Olisah et al, 2021), and levels in fish and food (Mazlan et al, 2017;Uzomah et al, 2021). However, recent information on the POP situation in Ethiopia is lacking.…”