A Review of Clinical Disease Scoring Systems for Cicatricial Diseases of the Conjunctiva

Ong, Hon Shing; Dart, John K.G.

doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.664572

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In our model, a single Ct exposure was employed to characterize clinical and immune makers of acute infection, with the ultimate goal of assessing the efficacy of new vaccine candidates in the future. The novelty of our model is in the development of an optimized clinical grading score ( Fig 2) [24,30,31], allowing a precise assessment of the kinetics of the clinical disease ( Fig 2 ), combined with multimodal exploration of local and systemic immune responses. Optimization of the dose, to observed clinical signs, allowed for precise assessment of clinical disease development kinetics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CC-BY 4.0 International license perpetuity. It is made available under a preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted December 6, 2023. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.12.05.570239 doi: bioRxiv preprint optimized clinical grading score (Fig 2) [24,30,31], allowing a precise assessment of the kinetics of the clinical disease (Fig 2), combined with multimodal exploration of local and systemic immune responses. Optimization of the dose, to observed clinical signs, allowed for precise assessment of clinical disease development kinetics.…”

Section: A Faithful Nhp Model Of Trachoma Mimicking Clinical Features...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multimodal mucosal and systemic immune characterization of a novel non-human primate trachoma model highlights the critical role of local immunity during acute phase disease

Paulet,

Contreras,

Galhaut

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BackgroundTrachoma -the leading cause of blindness worldwide as a result of infection-is caused by repeatedChlamydia trachomatis(Ct) conjunctival infections. Disease develops in two phases: i) active (acute trachoma, characterized by follicular conjunctivitis), then long-term ii) scarring (chronic trachoma, characterized by conjunctival fibrosis, corneal opacification and eyelid malposition). Scarring trachoma is driven by the number and the severity of reinfections. The immune system is a pivotal aspect of disease, involved in disease aggravation, but also key for exploitation in development of a trachoma vaccine. Therefore, we characterized clinical and local immune response kinetics in a non-human primate model of acute conjunctival Ct infection and disease.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe conjunctiva of non-human primate (NHP, Cynomolgus monkeys -Macaca fascicularis-) were inoculated with Ct (B/Tunis-864 strain, B serovar). Clinical ocular monitoring was performed using a standardized photographic grading system, and local immune responses were assessed using multi-parameter flow cytometry of conjunctival cells, tear fluid cytokines, immunoglobulins, and Ct quantification. Clinical findings were similar to those observed during acute trachoma in humans, with the development of typical follicular conjunctivitis from the 4thweek post-exposure to the 11thweek. Immunologic analysis revealed an early phase influx of T cells in the conjunctiva and elevated interleukins 4, 8, and 5, before a later phase monocytic influx accompanied by a decrease in other immune cells, and tear fluid cytokines returning to initial levels.Conclusion/SignificanceOur NHP model accurately reproduces acute trachoma clinical signs, allowing for the precise assessment of the local immune responses in infected eyes. A progressing immune response occurred for weeks after exposure to Ct, which subsided into persistence of innate immune responses. Understanding these local responses is the first step towards using the model to assess new vaccine and therapeutic strategies to prevent disease.Author SummaryChlamydia trachomatisis the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The pathogenesis of trachoma is more complicated than other types of bacterial conjunctivitis: clinical signs of trachoma are rooted in repeatedChlamydia trachomatisinfections of the inner eyelid surfaces, which roughens the skin. This lead to eyelid deformation and lashes rubbing on the cornea, which across multiple years of abrasion, ends with corneal opacification. The immune system is a pivotal aspect of disease, involved in disease aggravation, but also key for exploitation in development of a trachoma vaccine. Here we describe a non-human primate model of trachoma that accurately reproduces acute human eye disease, allowing for the precise assessment of the local immune responses in infected eyes. A progressing immune response occurred 4 weeks after exposure to Ct, which subsided into persistence of innate immune responses. Understanding these local responses is the first step towards using the model to assess new vaccine and therapeutic strategies to prevent disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Faithful Nhp Model Of Trachoma Mimicking Clinical Features...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimodal mucosal and systemic immune characterization of a novel non-human primate trachoma model highlights the critical role of local immunity during acute phase disease

Paulet,

Contreras,

Galhaut

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Cicatrising conjunctivitis (CC) is a heterogenous group of sight-threatening diseases with characteristic hall marks of ocular surface inflammation and scarring [96][97][98]. In developed countries where trachoma, an important world-wide cause of CC, has been eliminated, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) with ocular involvement are the most common causes of CC [99].…”

Section: Cicatrising Conjnctivitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Exposomes on Ocular Surface Diseases

Hong

Tong

Ong

2023

IJMS

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Ocular surface diseases (OSDs) are significant causes of ocular morbidity, and are often associated with chronic inflammation, redness, irritation, discomfort, and pain. In severe OSDs, loss of vision can result from ocular surface failure, characterised by limbal stem cell deficiencies, corneal vascularisation, corneal opacification, and surface keratinisation. External and internal exposomes are measures of environmental factors that individuals are exposed to, and have been increasingly studied for their impact on ocular surface diseases. External exposomes consist of external environmental factors such as dust, pollution, and stress; internal exposomes consist of the surface microbiome, gut microflora, and oxidative stress. Concerning internal exposomes, alterations in the commensal ocular surface microbiome of patients with OSDs are increasingly reported due to advancements in metagenomics using next-generation sequencing. Changes in the microbiome may be a consequence of the underlying disease processes or may have a role in the pathogenesis of OSDs. Understanding the changes in the ocular surface microbiome and the impact of various other exposomes may also help to establish the causative factors underlying ocular surface inflammation and scarring, the hallmarks of OSDs. This review provides a summary of the current evidence on exposomes in various OSDs.

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Novel Grading Scale for Conjunctival Inflammation in Cicatrizing Conjunctivitis Associated with Pemphigoid

Eziama,

Nguyen,

Foster

et al. 2024

Ocular Immunology and Inflammation

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A Review of Clinical Disease Scoring Systems for Cicatricial Diseases of the Conjunctiva

Cited by 5 publications

References 34 publications

Multimodal mucosal and systemic immune characterization of a novel non-human primate trachoma model highlights the critical role of local immunity during acute phase disease

Multimodal mucosal and systemic immune characterization of a novel non-human primate trachoma model highlights the critical role of local immunity during acute phase disease

Impact of Exposomes on Ocular Surface Diseases

Novel Grading Scale for Conjunctival Inflammation in Cicatrizing Conjunctivitis Associated with Pemphigoid

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