A review of clinical manifestations in adolescent and young adults after use of synthetic cannabinoids

Brewer, Tracy L.; Collins, Margie

doi:10.1111/jspn.12057

Cited by 59 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Since SCs' producers often change formulas to avoid detection, users' experience may vary over time [25]. The most common adverse effects include: tachycardia, agitation, nausea, anxiety, irritability, drowsiness, hallucinations, delusions, hypertension, confusion, dizziness, vertigo and chest pain, besides cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, neurological and renal problems [24], some of which may have a lethal outcome [26,27].…”

Section: Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic cannabinoids: characteristics, use and clinical implications

Hervás¹

2017

Arch Psych Psych

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Synthetic cannabinoids are chemicals that bind to cannabinoid receptors and produce effects similar to those of tetrahydrocannabinol. Although initially designed as possible pharmacological tools, they are currently one of the most important of the so-called new drugs. Some of these cannabinoids are extremely potent and have serious effects on the health of the users who are primarily young people. Its use can affect the behavior unpredictably (many users do not really know what they are consuming), and produce more adverse consequences than marijuana.This article reviews the most important characteristics of these substances, the consequences of their consumption and the clinical implications that derive from it.

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Section: Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic cannabinoids: characteristics, use and clinical implications

Hervás¹

2017

Arch Psych Psych

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“…Psychotic disturbances of the paranoid type, and signs such as anxiety, agitation, irritability, convulsions, fainting, nausea and vomiting and hypokalaemia can also be observed. Finally, alongside neuropsychiatric effects, [84][85][86][87] cardiovascular effects have more recently been described, [84,88,89] including tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, chest pain, myocardial infarct, and one case of heart arrest in a patient with coronary disease.…”

Section: Synthetic Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This diversity, much more so than for other synthetic substances, explains the unforeseeable nature of the damaging effects of the use of "Spice" or synthetic cannabinoids. [85] …”

Section: Synthetic Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Synthetic Drugs in Addictovigilance

et al. 2015

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-New substances, also known as "designer drugs" or "legal highs" are increasingly available to drug users. Two hundred and fifteen hitherto unlisted substances have been notified by European Union member states since 2005. These synthetic drugs, which have been developed to side-step the legislation on drugs, are analogues or derivatives of existing drugs and medications. The availability of these "legal highs", sold on Internet under various denominations such as bath salt, plant fertilizer, chemical not intended for human use, or spice, is unlimited. The effects felt by users vary, and the substances may be stimulant, entactogenic, hallucinogenic, psychedelic or dissociative. The pharmacological targets also vary, and may be either the increase of extracellular levels of neurotransmitters via different mechanisms (reuptake inhibition, stimulation of intracellular release) or else fixation on specific receptors. Several chemical classes, themselves divided into sub-classes, are involved: phenethylamines, tryptamines, piperazines, cathinones, cannabinoids etc. The toxicity of the main members of these categories is increasingly well known, the most deleterious being behavioural effects, physical manifestations, and cardiovascular consequences. However, small variations in their chemical structure can generate effects that are quantitatively different, thus enhancing their toxicity or addictive potential, and much remains to be achieved in terms of knowledge about these new drugs. These substances are indeed present on the French territory, as shown by data provided by the Observatoire Français des Drogues et Toxicomanies, and notifications by the French Addictovigilance network. Screening in clinical toxicology laboratories is not widespread, since these molecules are not detected by the standard screening tests, so that there is probably an under-estimation of the use of these new drugs. The legislation on these substances changes regularly, with more and more countries classifying them as "narcotics" or illegal psychotropic drugs so as to restrict their use, applying a generic classification when possible.

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“…Use of SC is reported to be popular especially among teens and young adults (1). SCs began to be marketed through supermarkets and internet since 2004 in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While it was found that users in Europe and the US are mostly adolescent and young adult males (1,6), SC using age in Japan was reported to be higher when compared to Western countries (5). It was found in studies that the use of other psychoactive substances with SC is common and the most commonly used psycho-active agents are alcohol and cannabis (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-demographic and Clinical Features of Young Adult Males Using Synthetic Cannabinoid (English)

Öznur¹,

Öznur²,

Bolu³

et al. 2018

J Clin Psy

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SUMMARYObject: Synthetic Cannabinoid (SC) use is becoming more widespread throughout the world. Studies that revealed user profiles indicate that the drug is especially popular among young men. Knowledge on sociodemographic, clinical characteristics and motivation for SC users in our country is limited. On the other hand, in spite of the increase of information known about symptoms of acute intoxication of SC use, physical and psychiatric consequences and loss of function due to longterm use of SC is limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated with SC use and the negative consequences caused by the use of SC. Methods: 166 male patients who admitted to the psychiatric outpatient clinic due to SC use disorder between November 2014 to April 2015 were enrolled in the study. Demographic data of patients, substance use characteristics, familial substance use, reasons for substance use, medical history, the problems related to drug use was questioned. Results: The age of onset for SC use was found to be 17.25 ± 2.30. SC using duration was 3.79 ± 2.15 years. The most common agents accompanying SC use were smoking (95.8%) and cannabis (88.6%). It was determined that 62.7% developed suicidal ideas due to SC use. Among psychiatric side effects, most common were euphoria, hallucinations, skepticism and suicidal ideation. About 1/3 of cases were found to live loss of business and legal issues depending on long-term SC use. 76.5% of the patients' consumed SC through inhalation and 22.9 % orally. It was determined that oral users began SC use at an earlier age than users via inhalation. Discussion: Despite the physical, mental, occupational, social and legal problems caused by the use of SC, it has become an important public health problem, especially among young men. Effective intervention programs for the use of outbreaking SCs need to be developed.

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A review of clinical manifestations in adolescent and young adults after use of synthetic cannabinoids

Abstract: Nurses provide the most direct and supportive care to patients who present for medical treatment after the use of SCs. Knowledge of clinical manifestations can facilitate supportive management of patients suspected of SCs use.

Cited by 59 publications

References 32 publications

Synthetic cannabinoids: characteristics, use and clinical implications

Synthetic cannabinoids: characteristics, use and clinical implications

New Synthetic Drugs in Addictovigilance

Socio-demographic and Clinical Features of Young Adult Males Using Synthetic Cannabinoid (English)

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