A Review of Coccidioides Research, Outstanding Questions in the Field, and Contributions by Women Scientists

Abstract

Purpose of Review Coccidioidomycosis is an infectious disease that gained clinical significance in the early 20th century. Many of the foundational contributions to coccidioidomycosis research, including the discovery of the fungal disease agent, Coccidioides spp., were made by women. We review recent progress in Coccidioides research and big questions remaining in the field, while highlighting some of the contributions from women. Recent Findings New molecular-based techniques provide a promising method for detecting Coccidioides, which can help determine the dominate reservoir host and ideal environmental conditions for growth. Genetic and genomic analyses have allowed an understanding of population structure, species level diversity, and evolutionary histories. We present a current, comprehensive genome list, where women contributed many of these entries. Several efforts to develop a coccidioidomycosis vaccine are underway. Summary Women continue to pioneer research on Coccidioides, including the relationships between the fungi and the environment, genetics, and clinical observations. Significant questions remain in the field of Coccidioides, including the main host reservoir, the relationships between genotypic and phenotypic variation, and the underlying cause for chronic clinical coccidioidomycosis cases.

Genome Organization and Copy-Number Variation Reveal Clues to Virulence Evolution in Coccidioides posadasii

“…Against a backdrop of candidate-gene studies of Coccidioides virulence factors [4,5], the molecular mechanisms of Coccidioides virulence remain poorly understood. However, genome [6][7][8][9][10] and transcriptome [11][12][13][14] data in this organism raise the possibility of incisive in silico analyses of candidate virulence genes.…”