A review of competitive sport motivation research

Clancy, Rachel B.; Herring, Matthew P.; MacIntyre, Tadhg; Campbell, Mark J.

doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.09.003

Cited by 97 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…By all accounts the pattern of associations between SMS subscales and outcome measures indicated that the scale preforms as expected according to SDT. Past findings have shown that intrinsic motivation is associated with positive consequences, and amotivation is associated with negative outcomes [16]. We confirmed this expectation given the significant positive associations between IM subscales and high self-related evaluations at both the contextual (physical self-worth) and global (global self-esteem) level.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Studies focusing on applicability of the basic tenets of SDT in exercise and sports have indicated that intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation are significantly associated with many important antecedents and outcomes related not only to training and performance themselves. In their recent review, Clancy et al [16] have listed topics and outcomes, which are the most frequently investigated alongside motivation in competitive athletes. Those included: motivational climate (12.7% of included research articles), burnout (12,7%), doping/substance use (9.5%), perfectionism (6.3%), injury (4.8%), and other (e.g.…”

Section: Assessing Motivation In Sport From Sdt Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychometric validation of Czech version of the Sport Motivation Scale

2020

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The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) is a widely used instrument that assesses motivational processes within sport and exercise environments. The scale has demonstrated validity and reliability in multiple cultures, however, there is yet no empirical evidence regarding its psychometric properties in the Czech population. In this study we therefore set out to examine the reliability and construct validity of the SMS in a sample of Czech university-aged athletes. We first examined the SMS factor structure using a nonparametric item response theory model (Mokken monotone homogeneity model) and identified six items violating the unidimensionality of the particular subscales. Remaining items were then subjected to test of hypothesized seven-factor structure and several different forms of measurement invariance examined based on gender, competition level and type of sport (individual vs team sports). The hypothesized seven-factor fit well and there was sufficient evidence supporting full invariance across the examined groups. All SMS subscales had adequate internal consistencies ranging from 0.66 to 0.89. Results of correlational analysis among the SMS subscales and between the SMS and two outcomes of interest further supported validity of the scale. Observed differences in SMS subscales between males and females, recreational and competitive athletes, as well as between individual and team-based sport activities, comported with prior empirical studies using a self-determination theory framework. In conclusion, results reinforce the utility and performance of the SMS in a sample of Czech university athletes. The SMS may therefore be recommended for measurement of the multidimensional motivational processes taking place in the exercise and sport domain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Assessing Motivation In Sport From Sdt Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric validation of Czech version of the Sport Motivation Scale

2020

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“…Motivation refers to the underlying causes of human behaviour. 10 While several models of motivation exist, selfdetermination theory 11 has consistently been applied to the study of perfectionism 12 . Within this framework, motivation is represented by a continuum of motivational subtypes (i.e.…”

Section: Perfectionism and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfectionism and motivation in sport: The mediating role of mental toughness

Cowden¹,

Crust²,

Jackman³

et al. 2019

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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An extensive body of research has been done on the links between perfectionism and motivation, yet the underlying mechanisms linking these psychological characteristics have been underexplored. In this study, we used an integrative modelling approach to examine associations between dimensions of perfectionism (i.e. personal standards [PSP] and concerns over mistakes [CMP]), mental toughness (MT) and motivational orientations (i.e. self-determined motivation [SDM] and non-self-determined motivation [NSDM]). Based on a sample of 318 male (n=218) and female (n=100) tennis players (M age =17.61, SD age =2.41), fit indices derived from structural equation modelling supported a partially mediated model. Residual PSP associated positively with MT (β=0.74) and SDM (β=0.40), and negatively with NSDM (β=-0.22). Conversely, residual CMP associated negatively with MT (β=-0.14) and SDM (β=-0.19), and positively with NSDM (β=0.73). Mental toughness was positively associated with SDM (β=0.28), but was unrelated to NSDM (β=0.07). The relationship between residual PSP and SDM was partially mediated by MT (standardised indirect effect: 95% CI=0.19, 0.46). The findings of this study support research linking dimensions of perfectionism with motivational orientations and offer preliminary evidence on the mediating role of MT in the association between these psychological constructs. With emerging research supporting the capacity to develop MT through targeted interventions, the findings are discussed alongside salient implications.

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“…Although potential motivation could be measured before performance using motivation questionnaires and during performance using the highest rating of perceived exertion, methods of examining changes in motivation levels that occur during performance (e.g., in response to stressors) have not been established. Innovative motivation measures are needed for the endurance research SELF-REGULATION IN ENDURANCE SPORTS 10 context, and these could include combinations of psychophysiological measures (e.g., changes in RPE during self-paced tasks), behavioural measures (e.g., changes in power output during self-paced tasks), and qualitative data (e.g., think-aloud protocol, post-performance interview) (Clancy, Herring, MacIntyre, & Campbell, 2016). Social desirability challenges associated with self-reporting motivation (particularly without anonymity, e.g., King & Bruner, 2000) also merit consideration and innovative solutions.…”

Section: Self-regulation In Endurance Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-regulation in endurance sports: theory, research, and practice

McCormick

Meijen

Anstiss

et al. 2018

International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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There is considerable research interest in psychological aspects of endurance performance. Until recently, research typically lacked a theoretical underpinning, and contemporary research is particularly informed by the psychobiological model of endurance performance. In this critical review, we propose that psychological theories relating to self-regulation, particularly self-efficacy theory and the process model of emotion regulation, could shed more light on how endurance performance is determined and lead to additional understanding of how psychological interventions can be used. We argue that people encounter fewer stressors in most experimental studies than are encountered before and during real-life events. In addition, we argue that most research conducted to date has focused on the forethought and performance phases of self-regulation, rather than the self-reflection phase, and research has not considered the cyclical nature of self-regulation. We also argue that if research participants are not endurance athletes, then their motivation may not be self-determined and self-regulatory learning may not take place. Recommendations are given for future research, and evidence-based guidance is offered on enhancing performance and improving the quality of experience for endurance athletes.

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A review of competitive sport motivation research

Cited by 97 publications

References 92 publications

Psychometric validation of Czech version of the Sport Motivation Scale

Psychometric validation of Czech version of the Sport Motivation Scale

Perfectionism and motivation in sport: The mediating role of mental toughness

Self-regulation in endurance sports: theory, research, and practice

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