A Review of Cu–Ni–Sn Alloys: Processing, Microstructure, Properties, and Developing Trends

Abstract

Cu–Ni–Sn alloys have been widely used in the aerospace industry, the electronics industry, and other fields due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, high strength, corrosion and wear resistance, etc., which make Cu–15Ni–8Sn alloys the perfect alternative to Cu–Be alloys. This paper begins with how Cu–Ni–Sn alloys are prepared. Then, the microstructural features, especially the precipitation order of each phase, are described. In addition, the influence of alloying elements, such as Si, Ti, and Nb, on its microstructure and properties is discussed. Finally, the effects of plastic deformation and heat treatment on Cu–Ni–Sn alloys are discussed. This review is able to provide insight into the development of novel Cu–Ni–Sn alloys with a high performance.

Modeling Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Solidified Al-Sn-Cu System

“…On the other hand, tin (Sn), a non-toxic and safe material, is commonly used in aluminum casting alloys to reduce friction in bearing and bushing applications [14]. In emergency situations, adding tin as an alloying element can provide temporary liquid lubrication to rubbing surfaces if these bearings or bushings overheat excessively during service [15]. Because of its anti-welding solid qualities with iron, Sn is required in bearing applications, providing adequate surface properties [16].…”