A review of diverting agents for reservoir stimulation

Zhao, Liqiang; Chen, Xiang; H, Zou; Liu, Pingli; Liang, Chong; Li, Nianyin; Luo, Zhifeng; Du, Juan

doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106734

Cited by 79 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Temporary plugging agent (TPA) differs from conventional plugging materials in that it can dissolve in the formation water or fracturing fluids, or it can be self-degraded after the diverting operation is completed. Therefore, it can cause little damage to the formation (Zhao et al 2020). After years of development, there are many types of temporary plugging agents, mainly divided into the following four types.…”

Section: Edited By Yan-hua Sunmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of degradable pre-formed particle gel (DPPG) as temporary plugging agent for petroleum drilling and production

et al. 2020

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Temporary plugging agent (TPA) is widely used in many fields of petroleum reservoir drilling and production, such as temporary plugging while drilling and petroleum well stimulation by diverting in acidizing or fracturing operations. The commonly used TPA mainly includes hard particles, fibers, gels, and composite systems. However, current particles have many limitations in applications, such as insufficient plugging strength and slow degradation rate. In this paper, a degradable pre-formed particle gel (DPPG) was developed. Experimental results show that the DPPG has an excellent static swelling effect and self-degradation performance. With a decrease in the concentration of total monomers or cross-linker, the swelling volume of the synthesized DPPG gradually increases. However, the entire self-degradation time gradually decreases. The increase in 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) in the DPPG composition can significantly increase its swelling ratio and shorten the self-degradation time. Moreover, DPPG has excellent high-temperature resistance (150 °C) and high-salinity resistance (200,000 mg/L NaCl). Core displacement results show that the DPPG has a perfect plugging effect in the porous media (the plugging pressure gradient was as high as 21.12 MPa), and the damage to the formation after degradation is incredibly minor. Therefore, the DPPG can be used as an up-and-coming TPA in oil fields.

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Section: Edited By Yan-hua Sunmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is challenging to penetrate deeply into the fracture or the tip of the fracture. Besides, the cost of degradable fibers is prohibitive (Zhao et al 2020). In addition, non-deformable TPA (e.g., inorganic particles, hard resins, polylactic acid) has a specific compressive strength.…”

Section: Edited By Yan-hua Sunmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of degradable pre-formed particle gel (DPPG) as temporary plugging agent for petroleum drilling and production

et al. 2020

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“… 1 , 2 So far, hydraulic fracturing and acid fracturing have become necessary technologies for the exploitation of tight oil or gas, shale oil or gas, coalbed methane, and gas hydrate. 3 − 10 Fracture height is one of the essential parameters to describe fracture geometry. It is the input parameter of the two-dimensional fracturing model or the output parameter of the three-dimensional fracturing model, which affects the accuracy of fracturing model calculation results and ultimately affects fracturing treatment design, safety, and economy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Modeling of Fracture Height Propagation in Multilayer Formations Considering the Plastic Zone and Induced Stress

Chen

Liu

et al. 2022

ACS Omega

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Hydraulic fracturing and acid fracturing are very effective stimulation technologies and are widely used in unconventional reservoir development. Fracture height, as an essential parameter to describe the geometric size of a fracture, is not only the input parameter of two-dimensional fracturing models but also the output parameter of three-dimensional fracturing models. Accurate prediction of fracture height growth can effectively avoid some risks. For example, petroleum reservoirs produce a large amount of formation water because wrong fracture height prediction leads to the connection between the oil or gas reservoir and the water layer. Although some fracture height prediction models were developed, few models considered the effects of the plastic zone, induced stress, and heterogeneous multilayer formation and its interaction. Therefore, considering the influence of many factors, an improved fracture-equilibrium-height model was developed in this study. The successive over-relaxation iteration method and the displacement discontinuity method were used to solve the model. We investigated the effects of the geological and engineering factors on fracture height growth by using the model, and some important conclusions were obtained. The higher the fracture height, the larger the plastic zone size, and the more obvious its influence on fracture height propagation. High overlying or underlying in situ stress and fracture toughness and low fluid density played a positive role in limiting the growth of the fracture height. Induced stress caused by fracture 1 could not only inhibit the height growth of fracture 2 but also promote its growth. The model established in this paper could be coupled to a fracturing simulator to provide a more reliable fracture height prediction.

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“…The hydraulic jet staged acid fracturing technique is appropriate for well with a maximum depth of 6,400 m for high choke pressure (Li et al, 2012). Although the temporary plugging staged acid fracturing is widely used (Zhao et al, 2020), the validity of temporary plugging is uncertain, which may affect the stimulation effect. The packer and sliding sleeve staged acid fracturing would be a candidate but challenged on ultra-deep horizontal well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case Study of Successfully Staged Acid Fracturing on the Ultra-Deep Horizontal Well for the Qixia Fm HTHP Tight Carbonate Gas Reservoir in China

Liu¹,

Yang²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Front. Energy Res.

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The lower Permian Qixia formation gas reservoir is characterized by ultra-deep buried, high temperature and high pressure (HTHP), low porosity and permeability, ultra-high closure pressure, and thin thickness in the western Sichuan Basin, China. Acid fracturing has been adopted as the main well stimulation technology. The average test production of the acid-fractured vertical well was 46 × 104 m3/d. The horizontal well with staged acid fracturing is considered a reliable measure to enhance gas production. However, the staged acid fracturing on the ultra-deep horizontal well has been challenged. The reaction rates of conventional, self-diverting, and gelled acid and the acid-etched fracture conductivity experiments under HTHP are measured to optimize the acid fracturing technique. The reaction rate of gelled acid with Qixia Fm limy dolomite at 150°C is 3.4–6.7 times faster than that with dolomite and similar to that with limestone. The gelled acid with better retardation and friction reduction performance is selected as the main acid to increase the effective acid-etched fracture length. The acid-etched fracture conductivity can be greatly enhanced by using gelled acid, increasing acid volume, and closed fracture acidizing (CFA) under a closure stress of 50 MPa. Moreover, the feasibility of staged acid fracturing for ultra-deep horizontal wells is discussed. The first stage is assembled by fracturing sleeve, spared ball drop sleeve, and circulating valve to ensure activation of the fracturing channel. The tested production is significantly enhanced with temporary plugging and open-hole packer and sliding sleeve staged acid fracturing.

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A review of diverting agents for reservoir stimulation

Cited by 79 publications

References 13 publications

Development of degradable pre-formed particle gel (DPPG) as temporary plugging agent for petroleum drilling and production

Development of degradable pre-formed particle gel (DPPG) as temporary plugging agent for petroleum drilling and production

Numerical Modeling of Fracture Height Propagation in Multilayer Formations Considering the Plastic Zone and Induced Stress

Case Study of Successfully Staged Acid Fracturing on the Ultra-Deep Horizontal Well for the Qixia Fm HTHP Tight Carbonate Gas Reservoir in China

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