A Review of Domain Modelling and Domain Imaging Techniques in Ferroelectric Crystals

Potnis, Prashant; Tsou, Nien‐Ti; Huber, J. E.

doi:10.3390/ma4020417

Cited by 114 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 181 publications

(289 reference statements)

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“…21 Such correlated mesoscale phenomena have often proven difficult to study, and benefit greatly from a combination of modeling and imaging techniques. 17,[22][23][24] Powder diffraction studies give insight into the average mechanics, while grain-scale information revealed by imaging techniques is generally limited to two-dimensional surface measurements. Simulations and modeling offer an opportunity for in-depth investigation of length scales that are inaccessible experimentally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromechanical Response of Polycrystalline Barium Titanate Resolved at the Grain Scale

et al. 2016

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Ferroic materials are critical components in many modern devices. Polycrystalline states of these materials dominate the market due to their cost effectiveness and ease of production. Studying the coupling of ferroic properties across grain boundaries and within clusters of grains is therefore critical for understanding bulk polycrystalline ferroic behavior. Here, three-dimensional X-ray diffraction is used to reconstruct a 3D grain map (grain orientations and neighborhoods) of a polycrystalline barium titanate sample and track the grain-scale non-180°ferro-electric domain switching strains of 139 individual grains in situ under an applied electric field. The map shows that each grain is located in a very unique local environment in terms of intergranular misorientations, leading to local strain heterogeneity in the as-processed state of the sample. While primarily dependent on the crystallographic orientation relative to the field directions, the response of individual grains is also heterogeneous. These unique experimental results are of critical importance both when building the starting conditions and considering the validity of grain-scale modeling efforts, and provide additional considerations in the design of novel ferroic materials. K E Y W O R D Sdomains, microstructure, polycrystalline materials, X-ray methods

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromechanical Response of Polycrystalline Barium Titanate Resolved at the Grain Scale

et al. 2016

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“…Energy minimization results in crystals consisting of multiple domains separated by domain walls, which have well-defined orientations that minimize energy by maintaining compatibility of strain, charge, and polarizations across the wall. 32 The possible orientations of domain walls in 94 species of ferroelastics have been extrapolated by Sapriel,33 and the relation between domain wall orientations and specific polarization directions in ferroelectrics with different crystal symmetries was reported by Erhart. 34 The origin of h110i polarization is discussed in the following paragraphs based on the domain walls observed in crystals Table I.…”

Section: -D Domain Arrangementmentioning

confidence: 97%

The quenched state with dominant shear vibration mode originated from domain reconfiguration in [001]-oriented Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 single crystals

Zhang

Garland

Adamson

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…[26] This polarizability of ferroelectrics can also become visible without applying an external field: when the crystal cools from the paraelectric (non-ferroelectric) to the ferroelectric phase, polarized domains comprising unit cells with parallel dipole orientation can form spontaneously which is also often considered as the definition and a fail-proof signature of ferroelectrics. [28] The existence of multiple polarized domains within a crystal is a unique feature of ferroelectrics. For example, a phase transition from a cubic crystal structure (above T c ) to a tetragonal crystal structure (below T c ) leads to mechanical stress, to a break of centrosymmetry, to a spontaneous polarization of the unit cell and hence to electrical fields in a crystal, which are partially compensated by charge carrier accumulations that generate depolarizing fields.…”

Section: Ferroelectricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferroelectric Properties of Perovskite Thin Films and Their Implications for Solar Energy Conversion

et al. 2019

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Yet, as of today, the microscopic origin of the remarkable charge carrier dynamics in perovskite solar cells remains unclear. An often proposed idea to explain the enhanced separation and transport of photogenerated charge carriers describes the formation of ferroelectric domains, i.e., domains with alternating polarization.Ferroelectric domains would provide local internal electric fields that assist with the separation of charge carriers and hence reduce recombination. [2][3][4] However, whether or not OMH perovskites are ferroelectric materials or exhibit other ferroic properties, and which effects might result from these properties have been a subject of debate for several years. A multitude of measurement techniques was employed in order to probe ferroic properties of single crystal samples, [5,6] pressed powder pellets, [7] and polycrystalline thin-films [8] of OMH perovskites. Scanning microscopy techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), [9][10][11][12] scanning electron microscopy (SEM), [13] and tunneling electron microscopy (TEM) [14] were extensively used in order to reveal the microstructure of OMH-perovskite thinfilm samples with subgrain resolution. Some of these studies revealed ordered domains within crystal grains, but no consensus has been reached about the interpretation of their ferroic and crystallographic origins. Claims included piezoelectricity, [15][16][17] pyroelectricity, [5] ferroelasticity, [9,12,18] antiferroelectricity [19] as well as ferroelectricity, [10,11,15,16,20] and the seemingly contradictory reports on these ferroic properties have heated up the discussion. Techniques that probe large areas of specimens such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), [21] impedance spectroscopy, [22,23] and J-V characterization [5,7] added a rather spatially averaged picture of the samples' microstructure. For example, second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements were employed in order to identify whether or not OMH perovskites form polar crystals, but their interpretation led to ambiguous results. [5,24] In order to clarify some of the confusion and seemingly contradictory reports on the ferroic and, in particular, ferroelectric features of OMH perovskites, we review and discuss some of the fundamental properties of this material class and correlate them with our own observations on perovskite thin-films. We deliberately focus on the ferroic properties of archetypical methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ), representing the class of light-harvesting perovskites.Whether or not methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) is a ferroelectric semiconductor has caused controversy in the literature, fueled by many misunderstandings and imprecise definitions. Correlating recent literature reports and generic crystal properties with the authors' experimental evidence, the authors show that MAPbI 3 thin-films are indeed semiconducting ferroelectrics and exhibit spontaneous polarization upon transition from the cubic high-temperature phase to the tetragonal phase at room temperature. The polarization is predomina...

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A Review of Domain Modelling and Domain Imaging Techniques in Ferroelectric Crystals

Cited by 114 publications

References 181 publications

Electromechanical Response of Polycrystalline Barium Titanate Resolved at the Grain Scale

Electromechanical Response of Polycrystalline Barium Titanate Resolved at the Grain Scale

The quenched state with dominant shear vibration mode originated from domain reconfiguration in [001]-oriented Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 single crystals

Ferroelectric Properties of Perovskite Thin Films and Their Implications for Solar Energy Conversion

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