A Review of Dynamic Vehicular Motion Simulators: Systems and Algorithms

Abstract

Vehicular motion simulators have evolved to become an important contributor to major industries, including defense, aerospace, and vehicle manufacturing. During the past few decades, many eorts have been made towards developing robust, adaptive motion simulators with the highest level of delity and realism. Thus, it is important to recollect, in order to evaluate the current state of complex robotic systems, encouraging careful planning of further improvements in the future. This article focuses on the current motion simulators' structural designs and working principles alongside the currently developed motion control algorithms to achieve the highest delity. Furthermore, within the era of industry 4.0 and the fast-paced merging of technologies into key industries, some suggestions are made for future works which it is believed are worth investigating to provide robustness and adaptivity to the control of simulation systems, improving their delity and realism alongside reducing motion sickness experienced by the simulator operator.

Systematic Literature Review: Motorcycle Simulators

“…A customized airbag west with a rope mechanism is used to cue proprioception of the accelerations and wind forces and can generate forces up to 300N. To simulate the vibrations a shaker is placed beneath the seat (Ples, 2023;Ghafarian et al, 2023;Ples et al, 2016;Will et al, 2016;Delgado Ojeda, 2019;Merkel et al, 2019;Scherer et al, 2020;Westerhof et al, 2020;Grottoli, 2021;Hammer et al, 2021;Will et al, 2022;Merkel et al, 2022). This simulator has been developed to investigate human-machine interfaces on motorcycles (Scherer et al, 2020).…”

“…The Motorcycle is stabilized when standing still, and the roll dynamics are augmented for low speeds (up to 3m/s). For safety reasons, the rider can be secured using a harness Kovacsova et al, 2020;Grottoli, 2021;Grottoli et al, 2023;Ghafarian et al, 2023). The MOTORIST simulator model has been validated for accelerating, braking, and turning.…”

“…The Oculus Rift is used as a head-mounted display for visualization and can trek the rider's head movements. The acoustic feedback is provided using a surround system (Westerhof, 2018;Delgado Ojeda, 2019;Westerhof et al, 2020;Ples, 2023;Grottoli, 2021;Ghafarian et al, 2023). A subjective evaluation of the speed perception and path following with velocities between 50 and 120 km/h was conducted.…”