A Review of Electrochemical Electrodes and Readout Interface Designs for Biosensors

Abstract

Electrochemical detection is widely used in biosensing fields, such as medical diagnosis and health monitoring due to its real-time response and high accuracy. Both passive and active electrodes and the corresponding readout circuits have been continuously improved over the past decades. This article summarizes the redox reaction method, state-of-the-art electrode materials, and readout circuits based on the passive three-electrode. The redox-current-based readout circuits are widely used and developed toward multichannel high precision and low power consumption. In terms of active electrodes, this article reviews the development of field-effect transistors (FETs)-based electrochemical detection and readout circuits. In the past decade, the development of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) has also enabled more precise electrochemical detection.INDEX TERMS Ion-selective field-effect transistor (ISFET), organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), potentiostat, three-electrode system, transimpedance amplifier (TIA).

Synergistic Distributed Thermal Regulation for On-CMOS High-Throughput Multimodal Amperometric DNA-Array Analysis

“…Constant Potential Amperometry (CPA) Mode Fig. 2(a) shows the functional blocks for pH sensing using CPA analysis [30]. Sensing pH is required as a part of DNA analysis.…”

A Multichannel Electrochemical Sensor Interface IC for Bioreactor Monitoring

“…Monitoring these reactions in real-time with precise measurements of key chemical parameters like temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and glucose level is critical for these enzyme/bacteria-related reactions. To achieve this, an electrochemical sensor interface is formed by integrating sensors/electrodes/transducers and a readout integrated circuit (IC) [2].…”

Review–Silicon Based ISFETs: Architecture, Fabrication Process, Sensing Membrane, and Spatial Variation

“…These include highly sensitive, integration abilities, miniaturized device, cost effective, fast response, excellent selectivity, compatibility with wearable electronic devices, low power consumption, ease of surface functionalization, and minimal noise levels. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Silicon technology is highly regarded as a leading platform for sensor development. 17 Significant advancements have been made in the development of silicon-based biosensors utilizing various mechanisms, including optical waveguide biosensors, high electron mobility transistors, micro-electromechanical systems sensors, and ISFETs.…”

“…[37][38][39][40][41][42] ISFET sensors have gained significant prominence in recent years, finding applications across numerous sectors including the medical diagnosis, health monitoring, environmental monitoring, agriculture, marine sector, military security, food industry, industrial process control, wastewater analysis, soil analysis, point-of-care testing (POCT), and general analytical applications. [6][7][8][9]40, Their versatile nature enables them to contribute to both applied and fundamental research in various fields. ISFETs are used for the measurement of pH and ionic concentrations [75][76][77][78][79] and various other detection, such as the detection of ions like potassium ion (K + ), sodium ion (Na + ), cobalt ion (Co 2+ ), aluminum ion (Al 3+ ), and ammonium ion (NH 4+ ), 8,20,[80][81][82][83][84] deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing, 18,[85][86][87] proteins, antigens, and enzymes, [88][89][90] POCT, 67 drug guidance, surgical intervention plans and post operative monitoring, 91,92 sweat analysis, 9,93,94 blood monitoring, 9,[95][96][97][98] ion imaging, …”

“…[6][7][8][9]40, Their versatile nature enables them to contribute to both applied and fundamental research in various fields. ISFETs are used for the measurement of pH and ionic concentrations [75][76][77][78][79] and various other detection, such as the detection of ions like potassium ion (K + ), sodium ion (Na + ), cobalt ion (Co 2+ ), aluminum ion (Al 3+ ), and ammonium ion (NH 4+ ), 8,20,[80][81][82][83][84] deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing, 18,[85][86][87] proteins, antigens, and enzymes, [88][89][90] POCT, 67 drug guidance, surgical intervention plans and post operative monitoring, 91,92 sweat analysis, 9,93,94 blood monitoring, 9,[95][96][97][98] ion imaging, [99][100][101] and so on. The potential of ISFET-based sensors for real-time, 102 label-free, 103 and in vivo measurements 104 has gained considerable interest in the fabrication of numerous devices.…”