A review of electromagnetic processing of materials (EPM): Heating, sintering, joining and forming

Advances in half-Heusler alloys for thermoelectric power generation

“…Most frequently this is done by arc-melting of elemental pieces in an argon atmosphere, although 6 levitation melting has become more common in recent years. 60,61 The main advantage of levitation melting is that the sample does not touch the sample environment (usually a Cu plate in arc melting) and the presence of eddy currents that improve the homogeneity of the melt. 48,60 Arc-melting has been noted to contain different microstructures in different sections of the final ingot.…”

Medium-Frequency Electrical Resistance Sintering of Soft Magnetic Powder Metallurgy Iron Parts

“…However, it might be interesting to study whether it is not possible, via the MF-ERS route, to improve the final properties of the materials. Since both magnetic and electrical conductivity are affected by the high dislocation density derived from the fast processing, a possible option to study in the future could be to consider a post-annealing treatment, as indicated in [35]. In summary, it could be said that the electrotechnical properties of electrically consolidated compacts are not worse than those of obtained by the conventional PM route.…”

Flash sintering feasibility study and localized densification in boron carbide

“…The flash event is characterized as a rapid decrease in specimen resistance accompanied by heating of the specimen above the furnace temperature, resulting in densification. [4][5][6][7] Research on flash sintering has focused primarily on applying the technique to new materials, preventing hot spot formation, and identifying the cause of and mechanisms active during the flash event. Recent review papers by Biesuz et al 3 and Todd et al 8 provide an excellent overview of these efforts.…”

“…Two modes of operation have been widely explored; ramping furnace temperature while maintaining constant voltage across the specimen until the power supply reaches maximum current (typically ~1A), and a voltage or current ramp to a set maximum (typically ~10‐1000 V/cm) at isothermal furnace temperature. The flash event is characterized as a rapid decrease in specimen resistance accompanied by heating of the specimen above the furnace temperature, resulting in densification 4‐7 …”