A Review of Essential Microelements in the Immune System

Abstract

The immune system is the set of cells and organs that intervene in the body's defense against certain antigens, foreign to the body. This set includes both elements with rapid action and thus belonging to non-specific immunity, and also, elements that provide a slower response, but, with high specificity against each antigen. Nonspecific immunity sums up both cellular and humoral elements, which react quickly on foreign substances and microorganisms. On the other hand, adaptive immunity is based on the existence of lymphocytes, which develop a response, albeit slower, with a high specificity through antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes. Zinc deficiency is the second most widespread micronutrient deficiency. This compound is indispensable for the human body because it is a cofactor for many enzymes including alkaline phosphatase, dismutase superoxide, metalloproteinases. Moreover, zinc is included in the structure of growth and transcription factors and it participates in the cell communication within the immune system. Selenium is an essential trace element, being involved in many biological processes. It is part of a structural component of the amino acid selenocysteine, one of 25 selenoproteins, which are involved in the body's immune defense. Raising the awareness of iron deficiency, recent studies emphasize that it is the most common mineral deficiency worldwide. As it is already well known, iron is particularly important in the transport of oxygen, but its essential roles are not only limited to that. Besides, it is a constituent part of some metalloproteins and a cofactor for many other enzymes. Moreover, iron takes part of ATP synthesis. Therefore, the lack of iron has multiple repercussions on the whole organism, including the immune system.

Understanding How Minerals Contribute to Optimal Immune Function

“…It not only supports specific immunological functions but also helps prevent oxidative stress, control inflammation, and ensure the optimal activation of the adaptive immune response. Understanding the relationship between Zn status and immune regulation is vital for developing strategies to enhance immune health and prevent immune-related disorders associated with Zn deficiency [73][74][75]. Numerous inflammatory cytokines can be affected by zinc in terms of their signaling as well as their synthesis.…”

Inorganic Compounds Used in Cancer Treatment

“…Even zinc border deficiency, the severity of which is often underestimated, affects different aspects of immunity. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. In table 2 are summarizing some common zinc compounds used in cancer treatment, along with their typical doses.…”