A review of ethyl carbamate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination risk in cachaça and other Brazilian sugarcane spirits

Riachi, Liza Ghassan; Santos, Aline Nogueira Dos; Moreira, Ricardo Felipe Alves; María, Carlos

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.088

Cited by 65 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Ethyl carbamate distills more in head and tail fractions than in the heart [59], while Alcarde et al [60] reported that content of ethyl carbamate is increased during distillation process.…”

Section: Distillation -Innovative Applications and Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distillation Techniques in the Fruit Spirits Production

Spaho¹

2017

Distillation - Innovative Applications and Modeling

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During the distillation of the fermented fruit mash or juice, ethanol and water are the carriers of a huge number of the other volatile aroma compounds. Unique and distinctive lavour of the inal spirits depends on their quantity and quality. Fruit spirits have higher concentration of almost all types of volatile compounds with comparing to other types of distilled spirits. The art of distillation run is to obtain the best balance between congeners present. Two diferent types of distillation equipment are used for the production of fruit spirits: copper Charentais alembic and batch distillation columns. Although both distillation methods are based on the same theoretical principles, a diferent quantity of the lavour compounds of the inal spirits is produced by using diferent distillation equipment. The main diference was shown in diferent distributions of the methanol, n-propanol, higher alcohols and faty acid esters. Distillation methods need to be adjusted for each fruit spirits regardless to distillation equipment employed because fermented mash of diferent fruit varieties has a diferent requirement for distilling. Alembic stills yield beter aroma and more characteristic fruit distillates but are slow and require more labour. Column still cleans the distillate giving a decent aroma and higher concentration of alcohol.

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Section: Distillation -Innovative Applications and Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…fermented beverages) and cyanide (e.g. spirits) [59]. Cyanate is probably the ultimate precursor in most cases, reacting with ethanol to form the carbamate ester.…”

Section: Distillation -Innovative Applications and Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distillation Techniques in the Fruit Spirits Production

Spaho¹

2017

Distillation - Innovative Applications and Modeling

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“…PAHs are a class of lipophilic chemicals that consist of fused aromatic rings. They are solely composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing two or more single or fused aromatic rings with a pair of carbon atoms shared between rings [69]. Characterized by their high hydrophobicity, PAHs are also highly resistant to natural degradation.…”

Section: Polyaromatic Hydrocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer-promoting and Inhibiting Effects of Dietary Compounds: Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)

Powell

Ghotbaddini

2014

Biochem & Pharmacol

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Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic aromatic amines and dioxin-like compounds are environmental carcinogens shown to initiate cancer in a number of tissue types including prostate and breast. These environmental carcinogens elicit their effects through interacting with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand activated transcription factor. Naturally occurring compounds found in fruits and vegetables shown to have anti-carcinogenic effects also interact with the AhR. This review explores dietary and environmental exposure to chemical carcinogens and beneficial natural compounds whose effects are elicited by the AhR.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, high concentrations of ethyl carbamate (EC) [9–11] have been found in alcoholic beverages, especially in spirits derived from cyanogenic plants, such as cachaça derived from sugarcane [11] and tiquira from Cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) [4]. Cyanide derivatives can be formed through the thermal cleavage and enzymatic reaction of cyanogenic glycosides found in these plants [4, 9–11]. Other by-products found in cachaça are higher alcohols with 3–5 carbon atoms [12–14], ethyl esters [15], acetates [16, 17], organic acids [8], and carbonyl compounds, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analysis of Suspected Unrecorded Alcoholic Beverages from the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil

Negri

Neto

Carlini

2015

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

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Our study analyzed 152 samples of alcoholic beverages collected from the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil, using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The methanol content varied from 20 to 180 ppm in 28 samples, and the limit of the accepted level of 200 ppm was exceeded in only one sample. High content of cyanide derivatives and ethyl carbamate, above the accepted level of 150 ppb, was observed in 109 samples. Carbonyl compounds were also observed in 111 samples, showing hydroxy 2-propanone, 4-methyl-4-hepten-3-one, furfural, and 2-hydroxyethylcarbamate as main constituents. Copper was found at concentrations above 5 ppm in 26 samples; the maximum value observed was 28 ppm. This work evaluated the human health risk associated with the poor quality of suspected unrecorded alcohols beverages.

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A review of ethyl carbamate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination risk in cachaça and other Brazilian sugarcane spirits

Cited by 65 publications

References 51 publications

Distillation Techniques in the Fruit Spirits Production

Distillation Techniques in the Fruit Spirits Production

Cancer-promoting and Inhibiting Effects of Dietary Compounds: Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)

Chemical Analysis of Suspected Unrecorded Alcoholic Beverages from the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil

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