A review of fault ride through of PV and wind renewable energies in grid codes

Abstract

Summary This paper presents a comprehensive review of fault ride through (FRT) in the grid code of 38 selected countries with an emphasis on renewable energy (REN) sources–related rules. Grid codes are the rules legislated usually by the transmission system operators (TSOs) to determine the grid integration requirements of electrical power generators. Each country establishes its grid code for satisfying the minimum required technical criteria and revises it frequently to cope with new modifications of the utility. Growing the penetration of REN sources have influenced many operational aspects of the power system such as protection, power quality, reliability, and stability. Thereupon, regulations must ensure the power system's secure and controllable operation of REN sources. FRT is one of the main parts of the grid code, and its characteristics affect the performance and rating of power system apparatus. FRT defines the performance of electric power generators during and in postfault conditions. FRT of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines (WTs) as the main REN sources of energy has great importance in the grid codes. In this paper, a comparison of FRTs in the grid code of 38 countries, including low‐voltage ride through (LVRT), zero‐voltage ride through (ZVRT), and high‐voltage ride through (HVRT) are provided and surveyed.

Power Quality Assessment of Grid-Connected PV System in Compliance with the Recent Integration Requirements

“…and t 2 are differing from country to country [27,28]. Not only to withstand the fault but also to inject reactive current based on the voltage drop according to the curve shown in Figure 2b is also an advance LVRT requirement to mitigate voltage sag.…”

“…If the voltage at PCC is varying in area B and retrieved after sag event to Vx within t2, it is compulsory for the PVPP to stay in operation without the trip. It is also important to mention that the values of Vx, Vy, V0, t0, t1, and t2 are differing from country to country [27,28]. Not only to withstand the fault but also to inject reactive current based on the voltage drop according to the curve shown in Figure 2b is also an advance LVRT requirement to mitigate voltage sag.…”

Comprehensive review on low voltage ride through capability of wind turbine generators

“…Additionally, global wind energy capacity of 800 GW is expected by 2021 according to Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC). In concern to Renewable Energy Sources (RES), the renewable energy target of different countries for power generation are given in Table 1 9 …”

Voltage support control strategy of grid‐connected inverter system under unbalanced grid faults to meet fault ride through requirements

“…1b, the GCs of different countries vary with the voltage level and fault time duration for disconnection. TSOs have recently been updating their GCs to guarantee the stability and safety of the power system [4,5]. In addition, Fig.…”