A Review of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems for Grid Application

Flywheel Energy Storage System for Power Quality Improvement Application: A Review

“…Based on the mechanical and electrical structure, FESS is an environmental-friendly, fast-response and deeply-dischargeable ESS with long cycle life [9]. Besides, the design of energy and power ratings is decoupled, respectively determining by the flywheel rotor and the nature of electric machine and power converter [7]. In recent years, FESS develops rapidly with the advance of the materials, technology and control method.…”

“…It can be seen from the experimental waveforms that the load voltage remains balanced and stable even if a 40% voltage sag occurs. At present, FESS has been commercialized and many FESS projects for power quality improvement have been in operation for years successful, such as a 2MW/4.58 kWh FESS located in Kodiak, US and a 1.6MW/5kWh FESS located in Tias, ES et al [7]. In China, nowadays, FESS is not a mainstream choice for grid application although the technology of domestic company is developing rapidly, and generally the FESS is more used in UPS and rail transportation.…”

“…In recent years, as the advance of the basic subjects such as physics, chemistry and materials, the ESSs have developed various categories, e.g., battery energy storage system (BESS) [3], pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) [4] and flywheel energy storage system (FESS) [5][6][7], which have difference in power level, energy level, response time and storage form [8]. Currently, the ESSs applied in power system have been implemented technologically, and some issues have been successfully solved according to the ESS nature, for example, smoothing power fluctuation by the BESS and matching demand with supply by the PHS [8].…”

Integration of fast acting energy storage systems in existing pumped‐storage power plants to enhance the system's frequency control

“…Considering, for instance, an average cost for large-scale flywheel/ supercapacitor energy storage systems of 479/221 k€/MW, as projected by Schmidt et al (2019) for 2020, the integration of a 10-MW flywheel energy storage system in the above-mentioned pumped-storage power plant would have a cost of around 4.8/2.2 M€. In addition, as suggested by the above-mentioned team of the PNNL, the FAES can be given priority to track the frequency control signals, and thus reduce the wear and tear of the pump-turbines, since both flywheels and supercapacitors are well suited to withstand around 0.5-1.10 6 cycles (Goris & Severson, 2018;Schmidt et al, 2019). Furthermore, the integration of a small FAES can add a small extra energy storage capacity to the pumped-storage power plant and can contribute to increase its round-trip efficiency by 1-2%.…”

Overview of Flywheel Systems for Renewable Energy Storage with a Design Study for High-speed Axial-flux Permanent-magnet Machines

“…The FESS technology has been reviewed from various perspectives, such as the system level [18]- [21], mechanical aspects [22] and specific applications [23]. The latest technology progress focused on reducing the self-discharge and performing ancillary services, such as frequency regulation, voltage support, renewable energy integration and potential peak electric power shaving, showing the possibility of introducing FESS in grid applications [24].…”