A Review of Grain Kernel Damage: Mechanisms, Modeling, and Testing Procedures

Chen, Zhengpu; Wassgren, Carl; Ambrose, Kingsly

doi:10.13031/trans.13643

Cited by 43 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…In these stages, the seeds fall from different heights and hit different surfaces as a result they are damaged. The damage caused in this case depends on various factors, The most important of which are the drop height, the conditions and properties of the seed (size, density, moisture content and temperature), ambient temperature and the type and angle of the contact surface [ 2 , 18 ]. Using vertical pipes, in silos and another seed handling or processing systems allows the seeds to move at high speeds resulting in a high-intensity impact when seeds are discharged, which may result in mechanical damage to the seeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cushion box and closed let-down ladder usage on damage to corn during handling: physiological deterioration

Shahbazi

2022

Plant Methods

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Background Corn seeds have a high susceptibility to mechanical damage due to their large size and mass. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the cushion box and closed let-down ladder usage in minimizing the negative influence of the free fall on the storage potential of corn seeds. Corn seeds were evaluated for the extent of physiological damage by measuring the seed deterioration by the accelerated aging test (percentage loss in germination in the accelerated aging test), using three drop methods (free fall, with cushion box, and with closed let-down ladder) at three drop heights (5, 10, and 15 m) and five different moisture contents (10, 15, 20 and 25%). Results The drop methods had a significant effect on the storage potential of corn seeds. Sample seeds dropped without a ladder (free fall) had a significantly higher average physiological quality loss of 13.87% (loss in accelerated aging germination). In the use of the cushion box, the average percentage loss in germination was calculated to be 11.38%, which was decreased by about 18% more than the free fall. Sample seeds dropped with the closed let-down ladder had a lower average percentage loss in the germination of 8.78%, which showed that the closed let-down ladder significantly helped to reduce mechanical damage to corn seeds by about 37% comparing free fall and by about 23% to the use of the cushion box. The amounts of loss in physiological quality of corn seeds increased significantly with increasing drop height and moisture content, but the use of the cushion box and closed let-down ladder systems somewhat reduced the adverse effect of the above factors. Empirical models were developed for the dependency of physiological damage to corn seeds due to the impact caused by free fall, on the drop height and moisture content at different drop methods. Conclusions To minimize mechanical damage to seeds as they fall into the bin, a let-down ladder should be installed in the bin so that it can receive seeds from the filling spout with minimum damage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cushion box and closed let-down ladder usage on damage to corn during handling: physiological deterioration

Shahbazi

2022

Plant Methods

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“…According to Equation (10), the ear deformation energy E f was proportional to the machine forward speed u 2 , rotational speed n of the stalk roller, periphery radius r of the stalk roller, and angle α between u and u n . The periphery radius r referred to the structural parameter of the stalk roller, which was generally empirical.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Qin et al utilized FEM simulation and high-speed video to optimize the maize picking mechanism, attaining better parameters for the picking mechanism [9]. However, the kernels were subject to complicated forces such as impact, friction and compression during the harvesting process [10], in which reducing the force between the fruit and the contact components served as the key to reducing damage. Some studies have focused on the contact force causing fruit damage during picking and utilized cushioning materials in order to reduce the impact damage of the fruit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Evaluation of Low-Damage Maize Snapping Mechanism Based on Deformation Energy Conversion

Zhang

Geng

2021

Applied Sciences

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Reducing ear damage is the key to improving the quality of maize harvests. In order to reduce the impact and damage of the ear caused by the ear snapping mechanism, this paper proposes a method to convert ear deformation energy during collision into elastic potential energy in the ear snapping mechanism. According to the above method, a low-damage maize snapping mechanism was designed. In order to verify the feasibility of energy conversion in reducing damage, the dynamic model of the contact between the ear and the snapping plate was established, and a dynamic simulation analysis was carried out based on the finite element method (FEM). In order to obtain better parameters for the improved mechanism, a test rig was established, after which a performance test was carried out on the test rig. The results showed that the primary and secondary order that affected the ear damage rate was the rotational speed of the snapping roller, the spring stiffness and the forward speed. The data processing software Design Expert was used to optimize the parameters, it was concluded that when the rotational speed was 805 r·min−1, the forward speed was 1.29 m·s−1, the spring stiffness was 33.5 N·mm−1, the model predicted that the ear damage rate was 0.023%. Therefore, this paper could provide further reference for research into maize low-damage ear snapping technology.

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“…Many studies have dealt with determination of dependencies between particle size and breakage energy in static and impact crushing of single particles [8][9][10][11]. There are also studies that present the influence of multiple impacts on the breakage energy [8,[12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Study [49] describes energy losses in the form of heat during comminution and the possibility of its recovery. Zuñiga and Mantari conducted research on dynamics of forces acting on the comminuted material and the working disc [11]. Study [18] shows the machine and the process factors influencing the efficiency and the size reduction ratio indicated on the basis of research on a five-disc mill.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Relationships between Multi-Hole, Multi-Disc Mill Performance Parameters and Comminution Indicators

et al. 2021

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The knowledge of a grinder structure, its performance parameters and characteristics of biomaterials breakage are crucial for this research whose aim is to determine the dependencies between performance parameters and comminution indicators. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between multi-disc mill performance parameters such as discs angular speed, batch dosing speed and comminution characteristics: power consumption, specific energy consumption, throughput and size reduction ratio. To achieve these goals, an experiment was conducted on a five-disc mill with a special monitoring system. The research program was established, with disc angular speed at different configurations and different batch dosing speeds. The results show that power consumption, specific energy consumption and size reduction ratio depend on the total increase in angular speed of discs SΔω in such a way that an increase in SΔω causes an increase in the abovementioned comminution indicators. In turn, an increase in batch dosing speed W causes an increase in throughput. The fitting curves of comminution indicators in dependence of selected performance parameters are also presented in this study.

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A Review of Grain Kernel Damage: Mechanisms, Modeling, and Testing Procedures

Cited by 43 publications

References 160 publications

Effects of cushion box and closed let-down ladder usage on damage to corn during handling: physiological deterioration

Effects of cushion box and closed let-down ladder usage on damage to corn during handling: physiological deterioration

Development and Evaluation of Low-Damage Maize Snapping Mechanism Based on Deformation Energy Conversion

Study of the Relationships between Multi-Hole, Multi-Disc Mill Performance Parameters and Comminution Indicators

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