A Review of Head Injury Metrics Used in Automotive Safety and Sports Protective Equipment

Rowson, Bethany; Duma, Stefan M.

doi:10.1115/1.4054379

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…As motivated by the prevalence choice of using normal and shear strain (e.g., maximum principal strain, maximum shear strain) for brain injury analysis [71], the current study presents the normal strain and shear strain along and perpendicular to fiber tracts. Recent trends were noted in employing the compressive normal strain as the parameter of interest, e.g., minimum principal strain [72-74], compressive strain at the fiber tract level [75], neuronal level [63], and microtube level [76].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The white matter fiber tract deforms most in the perpendicular direction duringin vivovolunteer impacts

Zhou,

Olsson,

Gasser

et al. 2024

Preprint

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White matter (WM) tract-related strains are increasingly used to quantify brain mechanical responses, but their dynamics in live human brains during in vivo impact conditions remain largely unknown. Existing research primarily looked into the normal strain along the WM fiber tracts (i.e., tract-oriented normal strain), but it is rarely the case in reality that the fiber tract only endures tract-oriented normal strain. In this study, we aim to extend the measurement of WM deformation by quantifying the normal strain perpendicular to the fiber tract (i.e., tract-perpendicular normal strain) and the shear strain along and perpendicular to the fiber tract (i.e., tract-oriented shear strain and tract-perpendicular shear strain, respectively). To achieve this, we combine the three-dimensional strain tensor from the tagged magnetic resonance imaging (tMRI) with the diffuse tensor imaging (DTI) from an open-access dataset, including 44 volunteer impacts under neck rotations (N = 30, peak angular acceleration: 228.6 (8.3) rad/s2) and neck extensions (N = 14, peak angular acceleration: 185.5 (59.2) rad/s2). The strain tensor is rotated to the coordinate system with one axis aligned with DTI-revealed fiber orientation and then four tract-related strain measures are calculated. The results show that tract-perpendicular normal strain peaks are the largest among the four strain types and tract-oriented normal strains are the lowest. The mean peak values (standard deviation) for tract-oriented normal strain, tract-perpendicular normal strain, tract-oriented shear strain, and tract-perpendicular shear strain are 0.020 (0.005), 0.028 (0.007), 0.024 (0.006) and 0.023 (0.006) under the neck rotation, and 0.013 (0.002), 0.019 (0.004), 0.016 (0.003), and 0.017 (0.003) under the neck extension, respectively. The distribution of tract-related strains is affected by the head loading mode. Our study presents a comprehensive in vivo strain quantification towards a multifaceted understanding of WM dynamics. For the first time, we find the WM fiber tract deforms most in the perpendicular direction, illuminating new fundamental of brain mechanics. The reported strain results can be used to evaluate the biofidelity of computational head models, especially those intended to predict brain strains under non-injurious conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The white matter fiber tract deforms most in the perpendicular direction duringin vivovolunteer impacts

Zhou,

Olsson,

Gasser

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…HBMs provide a means to better understand brain deformation and localize injury. Multiple studies ( Kleiven, 2007 ; McAllister et al, 2012 ; Smith et al, 2015 ; Rowson and Duma, 2022 ) have utilized FE models to assess brain strain response during impacts, aiming to establish injury criteria and thresholds based on computational models. The Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC), an extensively validated HBM including a detailed head model ( Mao et al, 2013 ), is one such example.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of brain response in operators subject to recoil force from firing long-range rifles

Seeburrun,

Bustamante,

Hartlen

et al. 2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) may be caused by occupational hazards military personnel encounter, such as falls, shocks, exposure to blast overpressure events, and recoil from weapon firing. While it is important to protect against injurious head impacts, the repeated exposure of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) service members to sub-concussive events during the course of their service may lead to a significant reduction in quality of life. Symptoms may include headaches, difficulty concentrating, and noise sensitivity, impacting how personnel complete their duties and causing chronic health issues. This study investigates how the exposure to the recoil force of long-range rifles results in head motion and brain deformation. Direct measurements of head kinematics of a controlled population of military personnel during firing events were obtained using instrumented mouthguards. The experimentally measured head kinematics were then used as inputs to a finite element (FE) head model to quantify the brain strains observed during each firing event. The efficacy of a concept recoil mitigation system (RMS), designed to mitigate loads applied to the operators was quantified, and the RMS resulted in lower loading to the operators. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the magnitudes of head kinematics observed when firing long-range rifles, and a methodology to quantify effects, which in turn will help craft exposure guidelines, guide training to mitigate the risk of injury, and improve the quality of lives of current and future CAF service members and veterans.

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“…Biomedical engineering is a wide discipline that aims to use engineering methods to solve health and fitness issues. In the field of sport application, biomedical engineering may support the prevention of injuries [ 1 ] (e.g., in sports with repetitive actions like tennis [ 2 , 3 ] and golf [ 4 ], or in contact-sports like rugby [ 5 , 6 ])), may improve the safety of sports equipment (e.g., by evaluating the structure of helmets and protection [ 7 ]), and may improve technology to monitor athletes’ performance (e.g., by designing new algorithms for the analysis of cardiac signals acquired by wearable sensors) [ 8 , 9 ]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and Biomechanical Monitoring in American Football Players: A Scoping Review

Nocera

Sbrollini

Romagnoli

et al. 2023

Sensors

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American football is the sport with the highest rates of concussion injuries. Biomedical engineering applications may support athletes in monitoring their injuries, evaluating the effectiveness of their equipment, and leading industrial research in this sport. This literature review aims to report on the applications of biomedical engineering research in American football, highlighting the main trends and gaps. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and gathered a total of 1629 records from PubMed (n = 368), Web of Science (n = 665), and Scopus (n = 596). The records were analyzed, tabulated, and clustered in topics. In total, 112 studies were selected and divided by topic in the biomechanics of concussion (n = 55), biomechanics of footwear (n = 6), biomechanics of sport-related movements (n = 6), the aerodynamics of football and catch (n = 3), injury prediction (n = 8), heat monitoring of physiological parameters (n = 8), and monitoring of the training load (n = 25). The safety of players has fueled most of the research that has led to innovations in helmet and footwear design, as well as improvements in the understanding and prevention of injuries and heat monitoring. The other important motivator for research is the improvement of performance, which has led to the monitoring of training loads and catches, and studies on the aerodynamics of football. The main gaps found in the literature were regarding the monitoring of internal loads and the innovation of shoulder pads.

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A Review of Head Injury Metrics Used in Automotive Safety and Sports Protective Equipment

Cited by 8 publications

References 108 publications

The white matter fiber tract deforms most in the perpendicular direction duringin vivovolunteer impacts

The white matter fiber tract deforms most in the perpendicular direction duringin vivovolunteer impacts

Assessment of brain response in operators subject to recoil force from firing long-range rifles

Physiological and Biomechanical Monitoring in American Football Players: A Scoping Review

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