A review of hydrogen production processes by photocatalytic water splitting – From atomistic catalysis design to optimal reactor engineering

MoS2 Nanoflower-Deposited g-C3N4 Nanosheet 2D/2D Heterojunction for Efficient Photo/Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

“…6,7 The scalable applicability of green H 2 production is a nontrivial undertaking that requires optimized reactors and catalytic systems that can perform synergistically. 8 Motivated by this approach, photocatalytic (PC), electrocatalytic (EC), and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) water-splitting strategies are promising pathways for sustainable energy solutions. 2,6,9 The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) through PC, EC, and PEC water splitting is a low-energy process primarily driven by photon and electrical energy sources.…”

“…The generation of H 2 fuel through ecofriendly and sustainable methods represents a crucial solution to global energy shortages and the pressing problem of global warming. − Over the past few decades, green hydrogen (H 2 ) production through water splitting has gained the interest of researchers due to high gravimetric density of H 2 , which promises to be used effectively as a sustainable energy resource to meet the current energy demand. , For the achievement of scalable water-splitting reactions, a prudent choice of a catalytic system is required to carry out efficient H 2 evolution. , The scalable applicability of green H 2 production is a nontrivial undertaking that requires optimized reactors and catalytic systems that can perform synergistically . Motivated by this approach, photocatalytic (PC), electrocatalytic (EC), and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) water-splitting strategies are promising pathways for sustainable energy solutions. ,, The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) through PC, EC, and PEC water splitting is a low-energy process primarily driven by photon and electrical energy sources. − Since the exceptional work of Honda and Fujishima on TiO 2 -assisted PEC water splitting, a diverse range of catalytic systems have been developed such as noble metal, metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, multiferroics, , graphene-based catalysts, etc., and exploited in PC, EC, and PEC water-splitting operations. , PC and PEC water splitting thrives upon the advanced activity and elongated stability of visible-light-driven catalytic systems as it comprises nearly 45% of solar energy reaching out to earth. , In this context, the tunability of the band gap emerges as a critical optical parameter that governs the dynamics of charge carrier separation and migration (e–h+ pair), essential for facilitating efficient visible-light-driven PC and PEC water-splitting processes. , …”

Photocatalytic hydrogen production: an overview of new advances in structural tuning strategies

“…18,19 Photocatalytic water decomposition provides a promising approach to harvest solar energy for generating environment-friendly hydrogen energy for our long-term needs. 20–22 The hydrogen production cost from solar-driven water splitting should be limited below $2.0 kg −1 on the terawatt scale to compete with the traditional hydrogen production methods, such as coal gasification, in the global market. To achieve this goal, analysis suggests a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency (STH) of 10% as a threshold for energy return on investment.…”

Heterostructured 2D material-based electro-/photo-catalysts for water splitting

“…The ever-increasing global demand for energy and concerns regarding the environment have necessitated the discovery of renewable and clean-energy sources to replace nonrenewable fossil fuels. [1][2][3][4][5] Although sources such as wind and solar energy can be converted into electricity, weather conditions [6][7][8] make them intermittent and unpredictable. Therefore, efficient storage of energy in the form of chemical energy for all-weather utilization is crucial.…”