A review of hydrogen storage and transport technologies

Abstract

An important component of the deep decarbonization of the worldwide energy system is to build up the large-scale utilization of hydrogen to substitute for fossil fuels in all sectors including industry, the electricity sector, transportation and heating. Hence, apart from reducing hydrogen production costs, establishing an efficient and suitable infrastructure for the storage, transportation and distribution of hydrogen becomes essential. This article provides a technically detailed overview of the state-of-the-art technologies for hydrogen infrastructure, including the physical- and material-based hydrogen storage technologies. Physical-based storage means the storage of hydrogen in its compressed gaseous, liquid or supercritical state. Hydrogen storage in the form of liquid-organic hydrogen carriers, metal hydrides or power fuels is denoted as material-based storage. Furthermore, primary ways to transport hydrogen, such as land transportation via trailer and pipeline, overseas shipping and some related commercial data, are reviewed. As the key results of this article, hydrogen storage and transportation technologies are compared with each other. This comparison provides recommendations for building appropriate hydrogen infrastructure systems according to different application scenarios.

Hydrogen Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Non-Recoverable Cushion Gas after Storage

“…It can be concluded that the higher the flow rate we use, the faster we will complete the RCG withdrawal process (i.e., the faster the upconing will take place). For the group of 4-year cases, the first filling option (1-5) decreases the total water extraction, while for the remaining cases (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15), it increases. When a constant hydrogen flow is used, the amount of water extracted is the highest of all options.…”

“…Hydrogen is currently produced from fossil fuels but can also be generated using renewable energy sources (RESs) through water electrolysis (green hydrogen) [2,[12][13][14]. However, most RESs, such as wind or solar, are intermittent in production, and demand and energy production do not necessarily overlap.…”

“…This is the time-weighted hydrogen flow rate average from the initial injection period. The remaining cases (3,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,15) involved a constant flow of fluids in the well, 2 kg/s, 4 kg/s, and 6 kg/s, respectively.…”

A Comprehensive Systematic Overview of Canadian Hydrogen Supply Chains Downstream

“…With entirely composite containers, they may attain high gravimetric density and handle a range of pressure. They may be used in fixed, on-board, and ground transportation applications because of their versatility (Yang et al, 2023). Furthermore, because salt caves have self-healing capabilities and little permeability they are advantageous for storing hydrogen.…”

Instances of Safety-Related Advances on Hydrogen as Regards Its Gaseous Transport and Buffer Storage and Its Solid-State Storage☆

“…CH₄ which has been given its own name, that existing natural-gas pipelines can transport [8,9]. Although largediameter pipelines constitute the most economical way to transport hydrogen in large amounts, comprehensive cost analyses have yet to be carried out to determine whether existing pipelines could be repurposed by coating their inner wall with a protective layer or whether new pipelines should be built [10][11][12]. In the latter case, higher-grade steels such as X80 can be used to limit the pipe wall thickness required to withstand high pressure, thereby reducing the overall cost [13].…”