A Review of Hydrothermal Carbonization of Carbohydrates for Carbon Spheres Preparation

Abstract

Carbon spheres have attracted a great deal of attention due to their applications as super capacitors, catalyst supports, and adsorbents. Carbon spheres can be prepared with controlled size and with oxygenated functional groups on the surface by the hydrothermal carbonization. The further processed products have a high surface area and high thermal stability. Among various methods for fabrication of carbon spheres, the hydrothermal carbonization is favored because of its mild operating conditions. In addition, hydrothermal carbonization can synthesize micro or nano scale carbon spheres environmentally friendly without employing organic solvents, surfactants, or catalysts. In this review, we present the effects of process parameters, structural characteristics of carbon spheres, possible formation mechanisms of carbon spheres, and applications in catalysis.

Efficient removal of Cu(ii) from aqueous systems using enhanced quantum yield nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots

“…† Several reactions, including dehydration, polymerization, carbonization, and passivation, take place over the formation of N-CDs using a hydrothermal route. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] First, at elevated temperatures, CMC molecules hydrolyze to form glucose. Additionally, PEG reacts with the aldehyde of glucose to form glucosamines.…”

Characterization of Solid Residues Obtained from Supercritical Ethanol Liquefaction of Swine Manure

“…3, the FT-IR spectra show organic functional groups of swine manure and liquefaction derived solid residues. Spectral peaks were interpreted based on previous reports (He et al, 2013;Li and Shahbazi, 2015;Schnitzer et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2014). The intensity of -OH groups (a broad band between 3600 and 3000 cm −1 ) of solid residues was much lower than their corresponding swine manure's and the -OH peak intensity of solid residues decreased as liquefaction temperature increased.…”

Fluorescence Intensity Enhancement of Green Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Characterization and Cell Imaging

“…Lemon and tomato juices have organic sources containing lactic acid, acetic acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, pyroglutamic and especially citric acid (38,39). The organic acids play a catalytic role in the hydrothermal method, by decreasing the reaction time and increasing the PL rate (40). In spite of this, it is still required to increase the PL intensity in the direction of nanoparticle operation in the cell imaging.…”