A Review of in vivo Toxicity of Quantum Dots in Animal Models

Abstract

Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to nanoparticles for applications in optoelectronics and biomedicine. Over the past decade, quantum dots (QDs) have become one of the fastest growing areas of research in nanotechnology because of outstanding photophysical properties, including narrow and symmetrical emission spectrum, broad fluorescence excitation spectrum, the tenability of the emission wavelength with the particle size and composition, anti-photobleaching ability and stable fluorescence. These characteristics are suitable for optical imaging, drug delivery and other biomedical applications. Research on QDs toxicology has demonstrated QDs affect or damage the biological system to some extent, and this situation is generally caused by the metal ions and some special properties in QDs, which hinders the further application of QDs in the biomedical field. The toxicological mechanism mainly stems from the release of heavy metal ions and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the same time, the contact reaction with QDs also cause disorders in organelles and changes in gene expression profiles. In this review, we try to present an overview of the toxicity and related toxicity mechanisms of QDs in different target organs. It is believed that the evaluation of toxicity and the synthesis of environmentally friendly QDs are the primary issues to be addressed for future widespread applications. However, considering the many different types and potential modifications, this review on the potential toxicity of QDs is still not clearly elucidated, and further research is needed on this meaningful topic.

Developments and Trends of Nanotechnology Application in Sepsis: A Comprehensive Review Based on Knowledge Visualization Analysis

“…The limited understanding of QDs' biological interactions calls for in-depth research into their physicochemical properties and their behavior within the body. 39 The safety concerns are heightened with cadmiumbased QDs, prompting a shift toward developing heavy-metalfree alternatives. Innovations such as chitosan-derived QDs show promise in biocompatibility and low toxicity, 40,41 indicating progress toward overcoming these hurdles.…”

“…Despite these advancements, the clinical application of QDs faces significant challenges, particularly in regards to acute and long-term toxicity. The limited understanding of QDs’ biological interactions calls for in-depth research into their physicochemical properties and their behavior within the body . The safety concerns are heightened with cadmium-based QDs, prompting a shift toward developing heavy-metal-free alternatives.…”

Innovative approaches for cancer treatment: graphene quantum dots for photodynamic and photothermal therapies

“…Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising results regarding the low toxicity of GQDs. 15 In addition, the biocompatibility of GQDs can vary depending on their specific characteristics, concentration, and the targeted biological system. More systematic studies are required to fully understand the long-term effects and potential risks associated with their use.…”

“…In this context, further exploration is still warranted to address the limitations concerning bio-persistence, organ accumulation, variability, and potential human health impacts, in order to develop safer technologies based on GQDs. 15 Besides, the photothermal conversion efficiency of GQDs is a critical factor for effective cancer therapy. Enhancing the photothermal conversion efficiency of GQDs will maximize their ability to generate localized hyperthermia and induce cancer cell death.…”