A review of intermediate sulfidation epithermal deposits and subclassification

Le, Wang; Qin, Kezhang; Song, Guoxue; Li, Guangming

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.02.023

Cited by 104 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…The fluid which interacted with the host rocks, was cooled, developed, neutralized and mixed with meteoric water, precipitating minerals with intermediate sulfidation like sulfosalts (tennantite) silver-rich and zinc-rich, plus gold, low iron sphalerite, pyrite and chalcopyrite (Yilmaz, et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2019). In the third mineralizing event, fluid and had lower salinity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mineralogical association and salinity of the mineralizing fluids, strong magmatic affinity evidenced with isotopic results, in addition to the pressure and temperature conditions allow the classification of the ore deposit as intermediate sulfidation epithermal deposit (Hedenquist et al, 2000, Camprubi & Abilson, 2006, Yilmaz, et al, 2010and Wang et al, 2019. Those characteristic could be originated for entry of fluids magmatic and warm to the system during the second stage, that magmatic influence could be over print marginal porphyritic conditions, but is necessary check cores to verify the presence porphyry on depth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Petrography, microthermometry, and isotopy of the gold veins from Vetas, Santander (Colombia)

2020

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The gold mineralization located in Vetas, Santander, consists of auriferous quartz veins hosted in Bucaramanga gneiss rocks, intrusive Jurassic rocks, and intrusive to porphyritic Miocene rocks. This study identified four mineralizing events: (1). Sericite, carbonate (ankerite and calcite?), massive and microcrystalline quartz, sphalerite, adularia, albite, galena, thin pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite. The age for this stage is 10.78 ±0.23Ma (Ar/Ar on sericite). (2). Molybdenite, magnetite with exsolution of ilmenite, As-pyrite, sphalerite, fine-grained pyrite and little chalcopyrite quartz with huge, feathery, fine mosaic, flamboyant and microcrystalline textures and, tourmaline and sericite. (3). Gold and tennantite associated with sphalerite, fine- and coarse-grained pyrite, As-pyrite, chalcopyrite like inclusions, and quartz with flamboyant, mosaic, massive and “comb” textures, and tourmaline. Stage 2 and 3 happened from 7.58 ±0.15 Ma to 6,89±0,41Ma (Ar/Ar on sericite). (4). Thick, thin, and pyrite with arsenic, hematite and microcrystalline quartz (forming breccia texture), and sericite. The age for this stage is 5.24 ±0.10 (Ar/Ar on sericite). Post-mineral: quartz comb, alunite, halloysite, kaolinite, and ferrum hydroxides. The stable isotopes, ∂18O, ∂D, and ∂34S and fluid inclusions analysis infer that fluids were producing a mixture of meteoric and magmatic fluids with low salinity and minimum trapping temperatures between 200°C to 390°C. The mineralogy association, and fluid inclusions, in the first event show characteristic of low sulfidation epithermal. The second stage was hottest and with more magmatic signature over printed an intermediate sulfidation system; show a little more salinity on the fluids and more mineralogical diversity, the third and four events, could show an evolution of this fluid, where it was cooling and impoverishing on metals. Two initials stages are contemporaneous with two magmatic Miocene pulses on the area: the first one of granodiorite composition 10, 9± 0.2 Ma (U/Pb zircon), and the other one rhyodacite with 8.4 ±0.2 y 9.0 ± 0.2 Ma.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrography, microthermometry, and isotopy of the gold veins from Vetas, Santander (Colombia)

2020

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“…The light sulfur isotope values could be the result of changes in the oxidation state due to hydrothermal fluid boiling and selective oxidation of H 2 34 S, as observed in Valles Caldera (McKibben and Eldridge, 1990), the Fakos Peninsula (Fornadel et al, 2012), and Kuh-Pang (Rajabpour et al, 2017). Deposition of specular hematite in quartz veins and bladed calcite (now replaced by pyrite), simultaneous with chalcopyrite mineralization, can be taken as evidence of the role of boiling in the formation of this deposit (Simmons and Christenson, 1994;Hedenquist et al, 2000;Leach and Corbett, 2008;Hanilçi et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2019). On the other hand, Leach and Corbett (2008) pointed out that the formation of some minerals such as hematite, kaolinite, and carbonates may suggest the mixing of magmatic-sourced fluids with oxidized meteoric waters.…”

Section: Sources Of Sulfurmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These deposits contain chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite-tennantite (which form from IS-state liquid; Einaudi et al, 2003;Sillitoe and Hedenquist, 2003), and Fe-poor sphalerite, dominantly formed by magmatic fluids (Einaudi et al, 2003). Quartz and illite are the major alteration and gangue minerals (Wang et al, 2019). Intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposits contain more abundant base-metal sulfides and illite.…”

Section: Ore Deposition Processes and Mineralization Typementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineralogy, alteration, and sulfur isotope geochemistry of the Zehabad intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposit, NW Iran

2019

Turkish J Earth Sci

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The deposits are mainly hosted by Eocene tuffs and volcanic rocks and in some places by late Eocene plutonic rocks. The Zehabad deposit is the only active base and precious metal mine in the southern part of the Tarom-Hashtjin subzone. It is located 57 km northwest of Qazvin, in northwestern Iran (Figure 1). The mineralization at the deposit is mainly hosted in breccia veins. There were 30 ore-bearing veins at Zehabad deposit. Mining at Zehabad took place between 1959 and 1977 and then restarted in 2010. The Ghara-Katala and Ghara-Changol veins were operated during 1959-1977. The Ghara-Katala vein is still under exploitation and contains 150,000 tons of Pb and Zn grading 7.7 wt.% Pb+Zn. The galena concentrate contains 8 ppm Au and 600 ppm Ag (Amin Khorramdasht Exploration Company, 2006; unpublished company report). Except for geological mapping studies on the scale of 1:250,000 (Stocklin and Eftekharnezhad, 1969), a few unpublished company exploration reports (Amin Abstract: The Zehabad Pb-Zn-Au-Ag (Cu) deposit lies in the Alborz magmatic arc of northwestern Iran. Ore-bearing breccia veins hosted by Eocene tuffs emplaced along the 80-130° trending fault and fracture zone. Mineralization occurs in the contact of the late Eocene igneous bodies and the Eocene volcanic and volcanosedimentary Karaj Formation. Mineralization formed in five stages: 1) disseminated framboidal pyrite and minor chalcopyrite and sphalerite; 2) quartz veins containing chalcopyrite, bornite, pyrite, and sphalerite; 3) deposition of specularite and gold grains hosted in quartz veins that crosscut chalcopyrite; 4) the main stage of mineralization that contains galena, sphalerite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, pyrite, sulfosalts, and gold; 5) barren quartz-calcite veins with sulfide mineral fragments of earlier stages. The hydrothermal alteration from closest to the veins outwards includes: a) silicification; b) phyllic with quartz, pyrite, sericite, and calcite; c) argillic with illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite; d) propylitic containing epidote, calcite, chlorite, and sericite and; e) carbonatization that crosscuts all previous alteration types. Quartz and calcite are the most important gangue minerals at the deposit and show a close relationship with mineralization. Sulfur isotope compositions (0.8‰ to-10.1‰) suggest that the ore-forming fluids derived from magmatic sources with a temperature range of 276-288 °C. According to the field (macroscopic), microscopic, alteration, and sulfur isotope studies, the Zehabad base and precious metal mineralization is considered an intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposit.

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Geology, geochemistry and genesis of Tabei: A newly identified intermediate‐sulphidation epithermal Pb–Zn deposit adjacent to low‐sulphidation Au deposit in the Tulasu Basin, Chinese Western Tianshan

Peng

et al. 2022

Geological Journal

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Handling Editor: H.-W. CaoThe Tabei Pb-Zn deposit is located adjacent to the well-known Axi low-sulphidation epithermal Au deposit in the Tulasu Basin, Chinese Western Tianshan. The homogenization temperatures and salinities of H 2 O-rich biphase inclusions in ore-stage sphalerite and calcite from Tabei range from 100 to 170 C and 0.4 to 6.2 wt% NaCleq, respectively. The δ 13 C V-PDB and δ 18 O V-SMOW values of calcite range from 0.9‰ to 1.5‰ and 5.6‰ to 6.7‰, respectively. The δ 18 O H2O and δD H2O values of hydrothermal fluids vary from À7.0‰ to À5.9‰ and À120.8‰ to À111.1‰, respectively. The in-situ δ 34 S V-CDT values of sulphides range from 7.5‰ to 8.0‰ (average 7.7‰). The in-situ Pb isotopic compositions of galena and ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) 0 ratios of sphalerite resemble those of Au-bearing pyrite and quartz of Axi deposit, respectively, as well as the ore-hosting volcanic rocks. These isotopic compositions indicate that the ore metals were derived from the ore-hosting volcanic rocks, with the oreforming fluids consisting predominantly of circulating meteoric water. The absence of coexisting two-phase vapour and liquid fluid inclusions and the presence of abundant banded coarse-grained quartz crystals with dog tooth and comb textures at Tabei, suggest that the sulphides precipitated slowly due to conductive cooling. The high sulphide abundance, sulphide assemblage (pyrite + Fe-poor sphalerite + galena + chalcopyrite), ore textures and isotopic compositions suggest that Tabei represents an intermediate-sulphidation epithermal deposit. The Axi-Tabei Au-Pb-Zn epithermal system constitutes a hybrid consisting of Au veins at shallow level and Pb-Zn veins at depth, suggesting that the base metals remain highly prospective beneath the identified Au orebodies at Axi.

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A review of intermediate sulfidation epithermal deposits and subclassification

Cited by 104 publications

References 141 publications

Petrography, microthermometry, and isotopy of the gold veins from Vetas, Santander (Colombia)

Petrography, microthermometry, and isotopy of the gold veins from Vetas, Santander (Colombia)

Mineralogy, alteration, and sulfur isotope geochemistry of the Zehabad intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposit, NW Iran

Geology, geochemistry and genesis of Tabei: A newly identified intermediate‐sulphidation epithermal Pb–Zn deposit adjacent to low‐sulphidation Au deposit in the Tulasu Basin, Chinese Western Tianshan

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