A review of iodine toxicity reports

Pennington, RD Jean A.T.

doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)01843-5

Cited by 135 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…To prepare stable TiO 2 -based suspensions which is a prerequisite for the EPD process, dispersing agents such as iodine have been commonly used in organic media . However, considering the toxicity of such additives, we tried to obtain well-dispersed stable TiO 2 suspensions in all mentioned alcohols by applying appropriate preparation techniques without adding any dispersants. The possible mechanisms of charge bearing on the surface of TiO 2 particles in alcoholic media have been investigated in detail elsewhere .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the Multi-Step EPD Technique to Fabricate Thick TiO₂ Layers: Effect of Organic Medium Viscosity on the Layer Microstructure

et al. 2013

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In the present study, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was used to obtain dense layers of TiO(2) in four organic media-methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and butanol-with different TiO(2) nanoparticle concenterations of 1-8 g/L. Microstructural study of the obtained layers by scanning electron (SEM) and optical microscope (OM) revealed that the multistep EPD technique could effectively prevent crack formation across the layer compared with the single-step method and will consequently increase the critical cracking thickness (CCT). The quality of EPD layers was also affected by viscosity. According to SEM and atomic force microscope (AFM) results, as the viscosity of the medium increased, more compact layers were formed which can be attributed to the lower deposition rates in heavier alcohols. High deposition rate in methanol and ethanol was also confirmed by zeta potential results. Suspension viscosity was interestingly observed to control the threshold concentration above which crack formation would occur. These values were measured to be 3 and 5 g/L for methanol and ethanol, respectively. However, in suspensions based on more viscous alcohols, the threshold concentration increased to 8 g/L which implied the decisive role of medium on concentration limits. It indicates that by employing organic vehicles of higher viscosity it is possible to maintain the CCT values obtained in less viscous media with no need to decrease the colloidal concentration of the suspension.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the Multi-Step EPD Technique to Fabricate Thick TiO₂ Layers: Effect of Organic Medium Viscosity on the Layer Microstructure

et al. 2013

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“…The response of the humans to an oversupply of I is specific to each individual and depends upon to previous and current I status (Dawczynski et al, 2007). Various investigators demonstrated the correlation between an high I consumption and some diseases as hypo and hyperthyroidism, goiter, thyroiditis while I deficiency leads to hypothyroidism (Pennington, 1990;Phaneuf et al, 1999). A regular consumption of seaweeds, particularly of Laminaria sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential and toxic elements in seaweeds for human consumption

Desideri

Cantaluppi²,

Ceccotto³

et al. 2016

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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Essential elements (K, Ca, P, S, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Br, and I) and nonessential or toxic elements (Al, Ti, Si, Rb, Sr, As, Cd, Sn, and Pb) were determined by energy-dispersive polarized x-ray fluorescence spectrometry in 14 seaweeds purchased in local specialty stores in Italy and consumed by humans. The differences in elements between the algae species reached up to 2-4 orders of magnitude. Lithothamnium calcareum showed the highest levels of Ca, Al, Si, Fe, and Ti. Palmaria palmata showed the highest concentrations of K, Rb, and Cl. The highest content of S was in Chondrus crispus. Laminaria digitata contained the highest concentrations of total As, Cd, Sn, Br, and I. The highest concentration of Zn was in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Ulva lactuca displayed the highest levels of Cu, Ni, Mn, and Pb. Iodine levels ranged from 3.4 in Chlorella pyrenoidosa to 7316 mg/kg(dry) in Laminaria digitata. The nutrimental importance of essential elements was assessed using nutritional requirements. The results showed that the consumption of algae might serve as an important source of the essential elements. Health risk due to the toxic elements present in seaweed was estimated using risk estimators. Total As, Cd, and Pb concentrations ranged from <1 to 67.6, to 7.2 and to 6.7 mg/kg(dry) respectively; therefore, their contribution to total elemental intake does not appear to pose any threat to the consumers, but the concentrations of these elements should be controlled to protect the consumer against potential adverse health risks.

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“…goitre, impaired brain function). 16 To help protect against the toxic effects of excessive iodine exposure, the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives of the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization (JECFA) has recommended a Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake (PMTDI) of 0.017 mg kg 21 bodyweight (b.w.) d 21 (equivalent to 1.0 mg d 21 for a 60 kg person).…”

Section: Iodinementioning

confidence: 99%

Bromine and iodine in 1997 UK total diet study samples

Rose¹,

Miller²,

Baxter³

et al. 2001

J. Environ. Monitor.

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Concentrations of bromine and iodine were analysed in samples from the 1997 UK Total Diet Study (TDS) using ICP-MS. The data has been used to estimate dietary exposures of UK consumers to these elements from the typical UK diet. Samples for the 20 TDS food groups were obtained from 20 towns in the UK in 1997 and analysed in 1998/99 for total bromine and total iodine concentrations. These samples were also analysed for 12 other elements. The UK regulatory authority had considered iodine recently, but had not considered bromine before. This survey provides up-to-data baseline data for those two elements. Iodine concentrations are similar to those found in recent surveys. Levels of bromine were consistent with previous data where available. Dietary exposures to bromine and iodine were calculated to see if there were any risks to health from the levels of these elements found in the UK diet. The estimated population average exposure to iodine was 0.25 mg d-1, which is within the range of previous estimates (1995, 0.21 mg d-1; 1991, 0.17 mg d-1; 1985, 0.28 mg d-1). The estimated population average exposure to bromine was 3.6 mg d-1.

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A review of iodine toxicity reports

Cited by 135 publications

References 100 publications

Application of the Multi-Step EPD Technique to Fabricate Thick TiO₂ Layers: Effect of Organic Medium Viscosity on the Layer Microstructure

Application of the Multi-Step EPD Technique to Fabricate Thick TiO₂ Layers: Effect of Organic Medium Viscosity on the Layer Microstructure

Essential and toxic elements in seaweeds for human consumption

Bromine and iodine in 1997 UK total diet study samples

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A review of iodine toxicity reports

Cited by 135 publications

References 100 publications

Application of the Multi-Step EPD Technique to Fabricate Thick TiO2 Layers: Effect of Organic Medium Viscosity on the Layer Microstructure

Application of the Multi-Step EPD Technique to Fabricate Thick TiO2 Layers: Effect of Organic Medium Viscosity on the Layer Microstructure

Essential and toxic elements in seaweeds for human consumption

Bromine and iodine in 1997 UK total diet study samples

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Application of the Multi-Step EPD Technique to Fabricate Thick TiO₂ Layers: Effect of Organic Medium Viscosity on the Layer Microstructure

Application of the Multi-Step EPD Technique to Fabricate Thick TiO₂ Layers: Effect of Organic Medium Viscosity on the Layer Microstructure