A Review of Management Practices for the Control of Anthrax in Animals: The 2005 Anthrax Epizootic in North Dakota – Case Study

Mongoh, M. Ndiva; Dyer, Neil W.; Stoltenow, Charles L.; Hearne, Robert R.; Khaitsa, Margaret L.

doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01135.x

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Control strategies for anthrax often rely on reactive vaccination to outbreaks after livestock or wildlife are found dead [39], [40]. While this form of control is effective for controlling an ongoing outbreak [40], routine vaccination in endemic areas is recommended [41]. Over 9 million doses of vaccine were administered in Azerbaijan during 2010.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing Patterns of Human Anthrax in Azerbaijan during the Post-Soviet and Preemptive Livestock Vaccination Eras

Kracalik

Abdullayev²,

Asadov³

et al. 2014

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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We assessed spatial and temporal changes in the occurrence of human anthrax in Azerbaijan during 1984 through 2010. Data on livestock outbreaks, vaccination efforts, and human anthrax incidence during Soviet governance, post-Soviet governance, preemptive livestock vaccination were analyzed. To evaluate changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of anthrax, we used a combination of spatial analysis, cluster detection, and weighted least squares segmented regression. Results indicated an annual percent change in incidence of +11.95% from 1984 to 1995 followed by declining rate of −35.24% after the initiation of livestock vaccination in 1996. Our findings also revealed geographic variation in the spatial distribution of reporting; cases were primarily concentrated in the west early in the study period and shifted eastward as time progressed. Over twenty years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the distribution of human anthrax in Azerbaijan has undergone marked changes. Despite decreases in the incidence of human anthrax, continued control measures in livestock are needed to mitigate its occurrence. The shifting patterns of human anthrax highlight the need for an integrated “One Health” approach that takes into account the changing geographic distribution of the disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing Patterns of Human Anthrax in Azerbaijan during the Post-Soviet and Preemptive Livestock Vaccination Eras

Kracalik

Abdullayev²,

Asadov³

et al. 2014

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…The slaughter of anthrax-infected animals and the disposal of butchering waste and carcasses in environments where ruminants live and graze, combined with limited vaccination, provided a context that permitted repeated anthrax outbreaks in animals and zoonotic transmission to humans. Steps to control anthrax should be aimed at breaking this cycle of infection (4). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In outbreak areas, flooding during the monsoon season limits the ability to bury carcasses. In flood-affected areas, the global recommendation for anthrax control emphasizes burning carcasses (4). Bangladesh lacks facilities for incineration and for sophisticated carcass processing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Throughout the world, it causes illness in livestock, wildlife, and sometimes secondarily infects humans (3). The most common source of infection for ruminants is ingestion of spores during grazing in contaminated pastures, or through grass and water contaminated with anthrax spores (4–7). Domestic cattle, sheep, and goats can also become infected through concentrated feed that may include bone meal originating from anthrax-infected carcasses (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These spores can remain potent in the soil for several decades and may spread in the environment through scavenging birds, animals, and water (7, 9). Ongoing vaccination programs can break the cycle of transmission in domestic animals (4). Anthrax in livestock is frequently found in endemic areas where the veterinary public health infrastructure is weak and anthrax animal vaccination coverage is low (6).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Risk practices for animal and human anthrax in Bangladesh: an exploratory study

Islam

Hossain

Mikolon

et al. 2013

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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IntroductionFrom August 2009 to October 2010, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh and the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research together investigated 14 outbreaks of anthrax which included 140 animal and 273 human cases in 14 anthrax-affected villages. Our investigation objectives were to explore the context in which these outbreaks occurred, including livestock rearing practices, human handling of sick and dead animals, and the anthrax vaccination program.MethodsField anthropologists used qualitative data-collection tools, including 15 hours of unstructured observations, 11 key informant interviews, 32 open-ended interviews, and 6 group discussions in 5 anthrax-affected villages.ResultsEach cattle owner in the affected communities raised a median of six ruminants on their household premises. The ruminants were often grazed in pastures and fed supplementary rice straw, green grass, water hyacinth, rice husk, wheat bran, and oil cake; lactating cows were given dicalcium phosphate. Cattle represented a major financial investment. Since Islamic law forbids eating animals that die from natural causes, when anthrax-infected cattle were moribund, farmers often slaughtered them on the household premises while they were still alive so that the meat could be eaten. Farmers ate the meat and sold it to neighbors. Skinners removed and sold the hides from discarded carcasses. Farmers discarded the carcasses and slaughtering waste into ditches, bodies of water, or open fields. Cattle in the affected communities did not receive routine anthrax vaccine due to low production, poor distribution, and limited staffing for vaccination.ConclusionSlaughtering anthrax-infected animals and disposing of butchering waste and carcasses in environments where ruminants live and graze, combined with limited vaccination, provided a context that permitted repeated anthrax outbreaks in animals and humans. Because of strong financial incentives, slaughtering moribund animals and discarding carcasses and waste products will likely continue. Long-term vaccination coverage for at-risk animal populations may reduce anthrax infection.

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Spatially Integrating Microbiology and Geochemistry to Reveal Complex Environmental Health Issues: Anthrax in the Contiguous United States

Silvestri

Douglas

Luna

et al. 2022

Geospatial Technology for Human Well-Being and Health

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A Review of Management Practices for the Control of Anthrax in Animals: The 2005 Anthrax Epizootic in North Dakota – Case Study

Cited by 23 publications

References 22 publications

Changing Patterns of Human Anthrax in Azerbaijan during the Post-Soviet and Preemptive Livestock Vaccination Eras

Changing Patterns of Human Anthrax in Azerbaijan during the Post-Soviet and Preemptive Livestock Vaccination Eras

Risk practices for animal and human anthrax in Bangladesh: an exploratory study

Spatially Integrating Microbiology and Geochemistry to Reveal Complex Environmental Health Issues: Anthrax in the Contiguous United States

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