A Review of Mass Movement Processes, Sediment and Acoustic Characteristics, and Contrasts in Slope and Base-of-Slope Systems Versus Canyon-Fan-Basin Floor Systems.

Investigation of Facies Types and Associations of Kuhlan Red Bed Formation in NW Yemen: A New Hypothesis for Origin and Depositional Environment

“…Bouma, 1964;Carter, 1975;Middleton and Hampton, 1976;Nardin et al, 1979;Lowe, 1979Lowe, , 1982; for references, terminology and classification). Turbidity sequences have also been reported in shallow water environments of both shallow and deep shelf (Hubert, 1972;Thompson, 1972;Scott, 1975;Homewood, 1983).…”

Distribution of strain signatures in Quaternary sediments, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

“…Rooted and detached shear folds, attenuated beds and thrust faulting are commonly observed simple shear structures. Gravitational deformation results from the vertical displacement of sediment in response to gravity-driven processes, which include the collapse of the sedimentary floor from melting of buried ice blocks (McDonald and Shilts 1975), remobilized sediment (Nardin et al 1979) and reversed density gradients in saturated sediment (Anketell et al 1970). Examples of gravitational deformation include normal and high angle reverse faulting, ball and pillow structures, and chaotic bedding.…”

“…Simple shear stress dominates in subglacial environments, whereas compressional stress is most prevalent in ice-marginal environments (Hart et al 1990;Boulton et al 1999;McCarroll and Rijsdijk 2003;Benediktsson et al 2008); however simple shear and compressional strain are also observed in association with sediment gravity flow deposits (Nardin et al 1979). Simple shear and compressional deformation structures related to sediment remobilization can be distinguished from those associated with active ice:…”

“…4A). These deformation structures are interpreted as the product of slumping, sediment remobilization, and deposition of sediment gravity flows (Nardin et al 1979). Ball and pillow structures and flame structures, also referred to as loading structures, can be attributed to rapid sedimentation and the development of reversed density gradients in saturated heterogeneous sediment (Anketell et al 1979;Mills 1983).…”

Geological processes on continental margins: sedimentation, mass-wasting and stability: an introduction

“…They range in scale from minor creep to major translational slides, and may take place on a range of timescales. Sediment creep is a semi-continuous process caused by load-induced stress, whereas discrete debris flows, slumps and slides may occur with a duration of minutes to hours, and turbidity currents may flow for up to a few hours (high-density flows) or a few days (low-density flows) (Nardin et al 1979). During any single downslope event these various processes may operate together or in temporal sequence.…”