A review of material properties and performance of straw bale as building material

Koh, Chuen Hon; Kraniotis, Dimitrios

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120385

Cited by 62 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Such materials are, among several other used natural alternatives such as bark, cellulose, hemp, kenaf, flax, feathers, sheep wool, or wood fibers [ 7 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], the natural vegetable fiber-based thermal insulations that are gaining ground in the construction market [ 22 ] because demand for green building materials is rising sharply [ 23 ]. Among natural fibers, one of the most researched materials is the use of straw bales as building materials [ 24 , 25 ] because of their low thermal conductivity and high specific heat capacity, and hence low thermal diffusivity and good thermal insulation capability, especially with fibers randomly oriented and perpendicular to heat flow, and low environmental impact if the straw bale selection used for the straw-based building is suitable [ 26 ]. In recent years, regarding the thermal performance of straw-based materials, Sabapathy and Gedupudi created simplified equations to predict the thermal conductivity of straw bale constructions based on their fiber orientation, density, temperature, and relative humidity [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Transfer in Straw-Based Thermal Insulating Materials

2021

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An analytic-empirical model was developed to describe the heat transfer process in raw straw bulks based on laboratory experiments for calculating the thermal performance of straw-based walls and thermal insulations. During the tests, two different types of straw were investigated. The first was barley, which we used to compose our model and identify the influencing model parameters, and the second was wheat straw, which was used only for validation. Both straws were tested in their raw, natural bulks without any modification except drying. We tested the thermal conductivity of the materials in a bulk density range between 80 and 180 kg/m3 as well as the stem density, material density, cellulose content, and porosity. The proposed model considers the raw straw stems as natural composites that contain different solids and gas phases that are connected in parallel to each other. We identified and separated the following thermal conductivity factors: solid conduction, gas conduction in stem bulks with conduction factors for pore gas, void gas, and gaps among stems, as well as radiation. These factors are affected by the type of straw and their bulk density. Therefore, we introduced empirical flatness and reverse flatness factors to our model, describing the relationship between heat conduction in stems and voids to bulk density using the geometric parameters of undisturbed and compressed stems. After the validation, our model achieved good agreement with the measured thermal conductivities. As an additional outcome of our research, the optimal bulk densities of two different straw types were found to be similar at 120 kg/m3.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Transfer in Straw-Based Thermal Insulating Materials

2021

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“…The pivot variable needs to be constructed to evaluate the measured test data. The constructed statistic is shown in Equation (15), where (nr) is the degree of freedom of S e , n is the number of sample population, (r -1) is the degree of freedom of S A , and r is the number of groups. The statistic F(r -1, n -1) obeys the F distribution with degrees of freedom (r -1, n -1).…”

Section: Compression Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the non-linear nature of the bale is also characterized. Koh et al [15] proposed the stickiness and nonlinearity of straw bales under specific conditions based on the application of straw bales in the construction industry.…”

Section: Introduction mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of multi-sequence combination forces on creep characteristics of bales during wheat harvesting

Tang¹,

Liang²,

Zhang

et al. 2021

International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering

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During the baling operation, the wheat stalks are subjected to various mechanisms in the baler and the main form is compression. After the wheat stem is forced by a combination of the threshing cylinder, it needs to be formed under the action of straw baler and meet transport requirements. This paper mainly studies the properties of wheat stalks when baling, and proposes the application of the creep after-effect theory during the baling process. The tension-compression tester was used to perform a 50 mm stalk mechanical test, 50 mm stalk static pressure test, 35 mm×40 mm×50 mm stalk module static pressure test and bale static pressure test. The measured elastic modulus of the stem sample was 7.59 MPa, and the elastic modulus of the inner core of the stem was 8.24 MPa. The return curve of the single stalk and the bale is consistent with the initial creep and steady-state creep in the creep after-effect theory. A logarithmic function was used for fitting of the first stage with coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.8364, and a linear function was used for fitting of the second stage with coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.9921. The high water content static pressure test suggests that the load in the loading direction is the coupled load of the working load of the hydraulic cylinder and the internal stress of the bale. When harvesting wheat stalks with high moisture content, the density parameter of the bale can be appropriately increased while the load parameter of the hydraulic cylinder can be considered unchanged or even reduced. The adjustment of density and load can still ensure the forming quality of the bale.

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“…Energy is also consumed in producing construction materials. Widely used building materials, such as cement, steel, aluminum, and insulation, are potent [39].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embodied energy and operational energy computations for a typical G+3 residential building in Vijayawada city of Andhra Pradesh, India

Vengala¹,

Ramesh²,

Manjunatha³

et al. 2021

IJATEE

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As the building industry takes up a significant part in the energy utilization of a country, builders and engineers are searching for better approaches to limit the energy utilization in buildings in order to prevent environmental pollution [1,2]. The operational energy (OE) of buildings alone corresponds to 30-40% of the complete power consumption globally [3]. The building sector may be looked at while the motorist that is prominent of use and greenhouse gasoline emissions if embodied requirements. Hence, EE and OE linked to building materials and transport requirements linked to the transportation to build people tend to be taken into consideration [4].

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A review of material properties and performance of straw bale as building material

Cited by 62 publications

References 73 publications

Heat Transfer in Straw-Based Thermal Insulating Materials

Heat Transfer in Straw-Based Thermal Insulating Materials

Effects of multi-sequence combination forces on creep characteristics of bales during wheat harvesting

Embodied energy and operational energy computations for a typical G+3 residential building in Vijayawada city of Andhra Pradesh, India

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