A review of mechanical mechanism and prediction of natural fracture in shale

Li, Hu

doi:10.1007/s12517-022-09786-w

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…From January 2020 to December 2020, 92 elderly mentally ill patients in the city's psychiatric ward were selected and divided into three groups according to random procedures, the “drug treatment group ( n = 31 cases, age (71.03 + 3.99)),” the “low-frequency treatment group ( n = 29 cases, age (70.31 + 4.13)),” and the “high-frequency treatment group ( n = 32 cases, age (69.19 + 3.80)).” Inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) meeting the diagnostic criteria of ICD-10 depression; (2) HAMD-24 scores are all >20; (3) age 60-80, gender not limited; (4) no history of antidepressants, rTMS, MECT, or other physical therapy in the last three months; (5) no serious physical or other mental diseases; (6) early onset depression relapse or late onset depression in old age [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: The Mechanism and Effect Of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical Plasticity Mechanism and Efficacy Prediction of Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression with Continuous Short Bursts of Rapid Pulse Stimulation (cTBS)

Hou¹,

Chen²,

Zhu³

et al. 2022

Mediators of Inflammation

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In order to further explore the therapeutic effects of high-frequency and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression and cognitive function in the elderly, this paper proposed a study on cortical plasticity mechanism and efficacy prediction of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation based on continuous short pulse fast pulse stimulation (CTBS). This paper selected 92 patients with depression in a hospital from January to December 2020 as the research object and divided them into control group, low-frequency group, and high-frequency group, 31 cases, 29 cases, and 32 cases, respectively. The continuous short pulse rapid pulse stimulation (CTBS) mode was used to explore the effect of brain network on patients’ emotional processing. After clinical treatment contrast, there was no significant difference in HAMD-24 scores and RBANS scores before treatment ( P > 0.05 ), and there was a significant negative correlation between factors of cognitive impairment in patients and RBANS scores ( P < 0.01 or P < 0.05 ), so it was proved that the repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) could be used as an effective treatment for depression.

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Section: The Mechanism and Effect Of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical Plasticity Mechanism and Efficacy Prediction of Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression with Continuous Short Bursts of Rapid Pulse Stimulation (cTBS)

Hou¹,

Chen²,

Zhu³

et al. 2022

Mediators of Inflammation

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“…Many factors result in the complexity of predicting an induced fracture network, as shown in Figure b, including: (i) the fluid flow coupled with the rock deformation and crack propagation; (ii) a variety of multiscale and multiphysical field processes, such as natural and hydrostatic fracture interactions, leakoff, proppant transport, and rock heterogeneity, as shown in Figure a; and (iii) the difficulty of accurately modeling real geological and operational conditions because of the lack of measured data and high cost. Many aspects could be simplified or even ignored in theoretical, experimental, and numerical simulations for studying hydraulic fracturing, which has led to the development of several modeling methodologies with different applicability and limitations. , …”

Section: Hydraulic Fracturing Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many aspects could be simplified or even ignored in theoretical, experimental, and numerical simulations for studying hydraulic fracturing, which has led to the development of several modeling methodologies with different applicability and limitations. 23,25 2.1. Experimental Tests of Hydraulic Fracturing.…”

Section: Hydraulic Fracturing Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to simulate the interaction between hydraulic fracture (HF) and natural fracture (NF), a coupled fluid−solid three-dimensional model on the basis of the cohesive zone method has been proposed. 25 It reveals how the interactions between crossing, blocking, and bypassing work, as shown in Figure 5c,d. In a multiphysical field framework with an inherent pore CZM, Rueda et al 62 implemented a novel meshing technique that can simulate fracture propagation with These findings could offer a theoretical direction for a deeper comprehension of the complex bifurcation process at the crack tip.…”

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confidence: 92%

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Hydraulic Fracturing and Enhanced Recovery in Shale Reservoirs: Theoretical Analysis to Engineering Applications

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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Shale reservoirs are extensively exploited using hydraulic fracturing, which forms multiple cracks that connect with the existing natural fractures to create a continuous path for the gas stored in the kerogen to flow to the production well. Apart from the tedious nature of hydraulic fracturing, the mechanism of the storage and flow of gas is equally complex since multiple phases and scales are involved. An accurate understanding of hydraulic fracturing coupled with a strategy of analyzing the flow and overall recovery of gas is paramount to ensure efficient exploitation. In this work, a comprehensive review of the recent strategies used in analyzing the hydraulic fracturing, storage, flow, and recovery of gas is presented. To begin with, the experimental, analytical, and numerical approaches pertinent to hydraulic fracturing are deeply explored. Additionally, the flow of gas through the newly opened channels is accounted for by using a quadruple-domain approach where the mechanisms of flow in shale reservoirs at the nanoscale, microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale are considered. Furthermore, a strategy to capture the multiple phases, including gas, oil, and water, and recover both carbon dioxide and methane is explored through thermal and enhanced gas recovery approaches. This review provides a baseline for understanding how the hydraulic fracture evolves and propagates to create new channels that contribute to the flow of gas, how the gas flows through the created channels across the many scales of the shale reservoir, and how to improve recovery from shale reservoirs.

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“…In the Sichuan Basin, a major shale gas province in China, organic-rich shales occur in the Upper Sinian Doushantuo Formation, Lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation (Niutitang Formation, Jiulaodong Formation, and Qiongzhusi Formation), and Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation to Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation (“Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation”). − The Wufeng Formation–Longmaxi Formation organic-rich marine shales feature high TOC, large thickness, high maturity, a high brittleness index, and high gas content. Some shale gas fields, including Jiaoshiba, Changning, Zhaotong, Weirong, and Luzhou, have been established. − The age-old over-mature shales in the Longmaxi Formation underwent multi-phase structural deformation; − thus, shale gas preservation conditions vary greatly from area to area. Owing to the dual effects of the Tethyan tectonic and Circum Pacific tectonic domains, the Sichuan Basin (especially the basin margin) experienced complicated structural evolution and severe structural deformation, giving rise to diverse structural styles, which led to various complicated preservation conditions. − There are many factors affecting shale gas preservation, and the most dominant factor is the occurrence of fractures (including faults and fractures). − The formation of fractures is governed by the mechanical properties and stress loads acting on rocks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-scale Fractures and Their Influence on Shale Gas Deliverability in the Longmaxi Formation of the Changning Block, Southern Sichuan Basin, China

Zhao

Zheng²,

Liu³

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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The capacity and deliverability of shale gas are closely linked to the presence of multi-scale fractures, including fractures and faults, within organic-rich shales. This study aims to investigate the fracture system of the Longmaxi Formation shale in the Changning Block of the southern Sichuan Basin and quantify the influence of multi-scale fractures on shale gas capacity and deliverability. The fracture system was analyzed through outcrop, core observations, and 3D seismic interpretation. Criteria for fault classification were established based on the horizon, throw, azimuth (phase), extension, and dip angle. The Longmaxi Formation shale mainly comprises shear fractures that form under multi-phase tectonic stress, characterized by large dip angles, small extensions, small apertures, and high density. The high content of organic matter and brittle minerals in the Long 1-1 Member facilitates the occurrence of natural fractures, which somewhat enhance shale gas capacity. Reverse faults with a dip angle of 45−70°e xist vertically, while laterally, there are early-stage nearly E-W faults, middle-stage NE faults, and late-stage NW faults. Based on the established criteria, faults that cut upward through the strata in and above the Permian with a throw greater than 200 m and a dip angle greater than 60°have the greatest influence on shale gas preservation and deliverability. These results provide important guidance for shale gas exploration and development in the Changning Block and contribute to our understanding of the relationship between multi-scale fractures and shale gas capacity and deliverability.

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A review of mechanical mechanism and prediction of natural fracture in shale

Cited by 19 publications

References 37 publications

Cortical Plasticity Mechanism and Efficacy Prediction of Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression with Continuous Short Bursts of Rapid Pulse Stimulation (cTBS)

Cortical Plasticity Mechanism and Efficacy Prediction of Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression with Continuous Short Bursts of Rapid Pulse Stimulation (cTBS)

Hydraulic Fracturing and Enhanced Recovery in Shale Reservoirs: Theoretical Analysis to Engineering Applications

Multi-scale Fractures and Their Influence on Shale Gas Deliverability in the Longmaxi Formation of the Changning Block, Southern Sichuan Basin, China

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