A review of microalgal cell wall composition and degradation to enhance the recovery of biomolecules for biofuel production

Nadzir, Syafiqah Md; Yusof, Norjan; Nordin, Norazela; Kamari, Azlan; Yusoff, Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd

doi:10.1080/17597269.2023.2197730

Cited by 5 publications

References 144 publications

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Spatiotemporal Mapping of the Evolution of Silver Nanoparticles in Living Cells

Yan,

Wang,

Wong

et al. 2024

ACS Nano

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Bioaccumulated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can undergo transformation and release toxic Ag + , which can be further reduced and form secondary AgNPs (Ag 0 NPs). However, the intricate interconversions among AgNPs, Ag + , and Ag 0 NPs remain speculative. Herein, we developed a bioimaging method by coupling the aggregation-induced emission method with the label-free confocal scattering and hyperspectral imaging techniques to quantitatively visualize the biodistribution and biotransformation of AgNPs, Ag 0 NPs, and Ag + in living cells. We demonstrated that AgNPs were first dissolved in the medium, and the released Ag + was converted into Ag 0 NPs with the presence of algal extracellular polymeric substances and light. Under these conditions, AgNPs alone accounted for 12.4% of the total AgNP toxicity, a percentage comparable to that of Ag 0 NPs (15.6%). However, Ag + remained the primary contributor to overall AgNP toxicity. Additionally, we found that about 9.00% of the accumulated AgNPs within the algal cells were transformed after 24 h exposure. Of these transformed AgNPs, 4.70% remained as Ag + forms (located in the apical region, nucleus, and pyrenoid), while 4.30% persisted as Ag 0 NP forms (located in the cytosol) that were only detectable after a 4 h exposure. We further showed that AgNP exposure upregulated algal glutathione production with a 38.3-fold increase in glutathione reductase activity, which potentially resulted in Ag 0 NP formation at the active site. Overall, this study differentiated the toxicity of AgNPs, Ag + , and Ag 0 NPs and directly visualized the ongoing transformation and translocation of AgNPs, Ag + , and Ag 0 NPs within living cells, which are critical in unveiling the toxicity mechanisms of AgNPs.

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Spatiotemporal Mapping of the Evolution of Silver Nanoparticles in Living Cells

Yan,

Wang,

Wong

et al. 2024

ACS Nano

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The effect of dietary fish oil replacement by microalgae on the gilthead sea bream midgut bacterial microbiota

Katsoulis-Dimitriou,

Nikouli,

Gkalogianni

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of dietary microalgae blends as fish oil replacers οn the midgut bacterial microbiota of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). The control diet (FO) contained only fish oil as source of lipids, EPA and DHA fatty acids, while three experimental diets were used where fish oil was replaced at 67% by one of the following microalgae biomass blends: Michrochloropsis gaditana and Isochrysis sp. (MI), Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Isochrysis sp. (PI) and Schizochytrium sp. and P. tricornutum (SP). The midgut bacterial community composition and the dominant OTUs indicated that the sea bream midgut bacterial communities were altered compared to the control feed. Additional evidence from the presumptive bacterial functional pathways suggests that the microalgal-containing aquafeed resulted in one overexpressed and one underexpressed pathway. The overexpressed pathway was related to the metabolism of fucose, a major carbohydrate of these microalgae species. This suggests that a new gut microbiota profile was selected because of the microalgae inclusion in the provided aquafeed. All these data combined with the absence of mortality in fish, shows that the gilthead sea bream gut microbiome can smoothly adapt its function according to the metabolic capacity of the microalgae combinations that we used. The MI feed seems to promote several beneficial bacteria with potential probiotic abilities in the fish gut.

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An overview of viral chitinases: General properties and biotechnological potential

Oliveira,

Filho,

Rodrigues

2023

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Chitin is a biopolymer profusely present in nature and of pivotal importance as a structural component in cells. It is degraded by chitinases, enzymes naturally produced by different organisms. Chitinases are proteins enrolled in many cellular mechanisms, including the remodeling process of the fungal cell wall, the cell growth process, the autolysis of filamentous fungi, and cell separation of yeasts, among others. These enzymes also have properties with different biotechnological applications. They are used to produce polymers, for biological control, biofilm formation, and as antitumor and anti-inflammatory target molecules. Chitinases are classified into different glycoside hydrolase (GH) families and are widespread in microorganisms, including viruses. Among them, the GH18 family is highly predominant in the viral genomes, being present and active enzymes in baculoviruses and nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV), especially chloroviruses from the Phycodnaviridae family. These viral enzymes contain one or more GH domains and seem to be involved during the viral replication cycle. Curiously, only a few DNA viruses have these enzymes, and studying their properties could be a key feature for biological and biotechnological novelties. Here, we provide an overview of viral chitinases and their probable function in viral infection, showing evidence of at least two distinct origins for these enzymes. Finally, we discuss how these enzymes can be applied as biotechnological tools and what one can expect for the coming years on these GHs.

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A review of microalgal cell wall composition and degradation to enhance the recovery of biomolecules for biofuel production

Cited by 5 publications

References 144 publications

Spatiotemporal Mapping of the Evolution of Silver Nanoparticles in Living Cells

Spatiotemporal Mapping of the Evolution of Silver Nanoparticles in Living Cells

The effect of dietary fish oil replacement by microalgae on the gilthead sea bream midgut bacterial microbiota

An overview of viral chitinases: General properties and biotechnological potential

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