A review of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): based on genomic structure, phylogeny, current shreds of evidence, candidate vaccines, and drug repurposing

Abstract

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is instigated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of March 13, 2021, more than 118.9 million cases were infected with COVID-19 worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA beta-CoV. Most COVID-19 infected individuals recover within 1–3 weeks. Nevertheless, approximately 5% of patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and other systemic complications, leading to death. Structural genetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 have shown genomic resemblances but a low evolutionary correlation to SARS-CoV-1 responsible for the 2002–2004 outbreak. The S glycoprotein is critical for cell adhesion and the entrance of the virus into the host. The process of cell entry uses the cellular receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Recent evidence proposed that the CD147 as a SARS-CoV-2′s potential receptor. The viral genome is mainly held by two non-structural proteins (NSPs), ORF1a and ORF1ab, along with structural proteins. Although NSPs are conserved among the βCoVs, mutations in NSP2 and NSP3 may play critical roles in transmitting the virus and cell tropism. To date, no specific/targeted anti-viral treatments exist. Notably, more than 50 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, and a few being administered. Preventive precautions are the primary strategy to limit the viral load transmission and spread, emphasizing the urgent need for developing significant drug targets and vaccines against COVID-19. This review provides a cumulative overview of the genomic structure, transmission, phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 from Indian clusters, treatment options, updated discoveries, and future standpoints for COVID-19. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0.

Multilevel systems biology analysis of lung transcriptomics data identifies key miRNAs and potential miRNA target genes for SARS-CoV-2 infection

“…Therefore, we analysed genomic sequence of SARS-CoV2 strains from different countries to understand the viral origin and its evolution during the pandemic. In this study, we observed that SNP occurrence is not random, but it is more common in the genes, which are critical for virus [ 38 ]. In Saudi Arabian SARS-CoV2 strain (EPI_ISL_678216), 16 variations were observed as compared to the wuhan-hu1 SARS-CoV2 strain.…”

Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccines: Comparative Study of AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, Sputnik V, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna and Corona Vac.

“…Due to its richness, the whole virus particle serves as an antigenic target for vaccines and contains all structural proteins namely S, N, M and E proteins [28,17] . Live-attenuated virus vaccines can also generate nonstructural and accessory proteins in vivo [29] . It has been reported that, CoronaVac vaccines can induce broader antibody and T-cell responses than the above-mentioned vaccines, which are based on a single protein or protein fragments [26,30] .…”

Evolutionary Study of COVID-19 Disease Severity in India for the Genetic Variation and Prevention of Disease Progression

“…If possible, make an emergency call to a nearby hospital care center so that suffering person can be treated as soon as possible. Some people, who have COVID-19 virus, whether or not they sought hospital care, continue to suffer with symptoms like fatigue, respiratory problem and neurological signs (20)(21)(22).…”