A review of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology applied in the characterization of polymer gels for petroleum reservoir conformance control

Zhu, Daoyi; Deng, Zhihua; Chen, Siwei

doi:10.1016/j.petsci.2021.09.008

Cited by 48 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…The 1D NMR T 2 map and 2D NMR T 1 – T 2 map are considered as the most extensively applied techniques in petroleum engineering and geological studies. − Based on the relaxation principle, T 1 and T 2 are conventionally adopted for depicting the polarizing and decaying behaviors during the precession. The fundamental theory of the NMR technique is completely depicted as follows.…”

Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1D T₂ and 2D T₁–T₂ Maps in the Research of Condensate Oil Saturation in Condensate Gas Reservoirs

Sun

Guo

2022

Energy Fuels

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Determination of condensate oil saturation in condensate gas reservoirs is the key parameter for estimating condensate oil blockage and gas well productivity. In PVT experiments, the constant volume depletion (CVD) method is usually adopted to obtain condensate oil saturation. However, in this method, the effect of porous media is not considered. This study applied a low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) test instrument in which 1D T 2 and 2D T 1–T 2 NMR techniques are carried out to investigate the condensate oil saturation of “condensate gas-saturated” core plugs in the depletion process of 29 to 5 MPa at 25 °C. It was observed here that the T 1/T 2 ratios of condensate oil and gas at the signal peak are approximately 20 and 60, respectively, and the condensate oil and gas could be distinguished by positions in 2D NMR T 1–T 2 maps. Additionally, a standard equation (the relationship between the signal intensity and the condensate oil saturation) with an excellent linear relationship was established for the calculation of the condensate oil saturation in core plugs. The results indicated that the condensate oil first appears in micropores, and the retrograde condensation phenomenon of the core mainly comes from the contribution of mesopores and macropores; furthermore, the maximum condensate oil saturation in the porous medium is 5.36% higher than that in the PVT cylinder, and the dew point pressure in the porous medium is 11.83% higher than that in the PVT cylinder. The T 1–T 2 NMR technique may become an efficient approach for assessing fluid distributions and saturations, simultaneously possessing potential applications for characterizing fluid occurrence states in the core.

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Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nmr) Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1D T₂ and 2D T₁–T₂ Maps in the Research of Condensate Oil Saturation in Condensate Gas Reservoirs

Sun

Guo

2022

Energy Fuels

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“…Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is the most commonly used polymer in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. In EOR, the polymers are added to the displacement water to increase its flow resistance, resulting in a favorable mobility ratio [ 21 ]. HAP is currently attracting increasing attention from polymer EOR researchers because of its ability to produce a higher flow resistance than HPAM at lower concentrations, better salinity and temperature resistance [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Aggregates as In-Depth Conformance Control Agents Stabilized by Polymer

et al. 2022

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To improve the dispersion stability of phenol-formaldehyde resin (PFR) particles in simulated oilfield injection water and their propagation ability in petroleum reservoir, a hydrophobically associating polymer (HAP) was employed as a stabilizer in this paper. The dispersion stability of PFR in the injection water was studied by measuring turbidity as a function of time. In addition, the migration property of the PFR/HAP dispersion was evaluated by both cellulose membrane filtration and sand packs-flooding experiments. The results show that HAP can stabilize the PFR dispersion prepared with the simulated injection water by forming PFR/HAP complex molecular aggregates. These aggregates can migrate in sand packs with strong flow resistance due to deformation or disaggregation of the aggregates when passing through the pore throat. Oil recovery was improved by up to 21.1% on the basis of water flooding, and the higher the concentration of PFR/HAP dispersion system, the better the oil recovery effect. Moreover, the cycle of log-jamming/dispersion of the aggregates leads to their penetrations through the bigger pores in the sand packs with a higher flow resistance than water. This process can improve the conformance of water in high permeability sand packs on a micro/macro scale and thus divert more water into low permeability sand packs. Therefore, more oil could be recovered from the low permeability sand packs. Moreover, the bigger the sand pack’s permeability ratio, the lower the oil recovery rate by waterflood, and the more the incremental oil can be recovered by the PFR/HAP flood.

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“…The continuous-scale model based on the representative element volume can reasonably predict the macroscopic physical properties of porous media; however, the model size is much larger than the typical pore size of porous media, and the microscopic heterogeneity is ignored . Pore-scale modeling can fully consider the microscopic heterogeneity and reasonably explore the microscopic pore shape and topology. − Digital rock reconstruction and modeling based on micro-CT images have become an important means to obtain the pore-scale microscopic properties. − One can obtain the three-dimensional (3D) pore system nondestructively and directly under a certain observation scale , and highly restore the real pore morphology compared with other observation methods such as focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, , nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, , and mercury intrusion porosimetry . Raw CT images have strong postprocessability, and the target structure can be accurately extracted through image processing techniques. − Busse et al used unique image processing technology to extract the cleat structure in CT images and comprehensively characterized the cleat properties through cleat length, spacing, aperture, and connectivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Pore Morphology on Permeability through Digital Rock Modeling: New Insights from the Euler Number and Shape Factor

Qin

Xia

et al. 2022

Energy Fuels

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The microscopic pore shape and topology significantly affect fluid transport and occurrence in porous permeable rock. A quantitive characterization of the impact of pore morphology on permeability is currently lacking, which limits the efficient development of underground hydrocarbon resources. This work introduces the Euler number and shape factor to characterize the pore topology and shape of heterogeneous sandstone based on CT imaging. The pore morphology under different pore sizes and the correlation of the Euler number, shape factor, fractal dimension, and surface area are analyzed. Furthermore, a modified Kozeny–Carman equation is established to explain the influence of the Euler number and shape factor on permeability. The results show that with the increase of pore diameter, the Euler number decreases while the shape factor increases. In a connected pore system, the smaller Euler number corresponds to the complex pore network, which leads to the increase in the surface area, shape factor, and fractal dimension. At constant porosity, the shape factor is negatively correlated with permeability, and with increasing Euler number, the heterogeneity of the pore structure increases, resulting in an increase of flow resistance and a decrease of permeability. The results provide a new pore morphology characterization method for digital rock and help to understand the flow mechanism of hydrocarbons in complex pore networks.

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A review of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology applied in the characterization of polymer gels for petroleum reservoir conformance control

Cited by 48 publications

References 106 publications

The Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1D T₂ and 2D T₁–T₂ Maps in the Research of Condensate Oil Saturation in Condensate Gas Reservoirs

The Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1D T₂ and 2D T₁–T₂ Maps in the Research of Condensate Oil Saturation in Condensate Gas Reservoirs

Experimental Study on Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Aggregates as In-Depth Conformance Control Agents Stabilized by Polymer

Influence of Pore Morphology on Permeability through Digital Rock Modeling: New Insights from the Euler Number and Shape Factor

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A review of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology applied in the characterization of polymer gels for petroleum reservoir conformance control

Cited by 48 publications

References 106 publications

The Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1D T2 and 2D T1–T2 Maps in the Research of Condensate Oil Saturation in Condensate Gas Reservoirs

The Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1D T2 and 2D T1–T2 Maps in the Research of Condensate Oil Saturation in Condensate Gas Reservoirs

Experimental Study on Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Aggregates as In-Depth Conformance Control Agents Stabilized by Polymer

Influence of Pore Morphology on Permeability through Digital Rock Modeling: New Insights from the Euler Number and Shape Factor

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1D T₂ and 2D T₁–T₂ Maps in the Research of Condensate Oil Saturation in Condensate Gas Reservoirs

The Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1D T₂ and 2D T₁–T₂ Maps in the Research of Condensate Oil Saturation in Condensate Gas Reservoirs