A review of plasma–liquid interactions for nanomaterial synthesis

Abstract

Over the past decades, a new branch of plasma research, the nanomaterial (NM) synthesis by plasma-liquid interactions (PLIs), is rapidly rising, mainly due to the recently developed various plasma sources operated from low to atmospheric pressures. The PLIs provide novel plasma-liquid interfaces where many physical and chemical processes take place. By exploiting these physical and chemical processes, various NMs ranging from noble metal nanoparticles to graphene nanosheets can be easily synthesized. The currently rapid development and increasingly wide utilization of the PLI method naturally lead to an urgent requirement for presenting a general review. This paper reviews the current status of research on plasma-liquid 2 interactions for nanomaterial syntheses. Focus is on the comprehensive understanding of the synthesis process and perceptive opinions on the present issues and future challenges in this subject.

The 2017 Plasma Roadmap: Low temperature plasma science and technology

“…An extensive review article has been published addressing the state of the art and key challenges of this field [30]. While most studies on plasma-liquid interactions focus on aqueous solutions, liquid hydrocarbons recently gained renewed attention in the context of fuel conversion and material synthesis [8].…”

“…LTPs may also non-destructively and beneficially interact with surfaces internal to the plasma, such as in a particle or aerosol-laden dusty plasma which enabled, for example, nanomaterial synthesis [7]. LTPs can also be generated and sustained within liquids and bubbles in liquids, now being investigated for chemical processing, medical applications and in the context of environ mental stewardship [8]. These are just a few examples that illustrate the extraordinary societal benefit of low temperature plasmas.…”

Detailed Investigation of the Electric Discharge Plasma between Copper Electrodes Immersed into Water

“…Moreover, shock waves produced by high-energy plasma discharges inside liquids are used for various applications, including underwater explosions [9], rock fragmentation [10], and discharges for promoting chemical reactions in the aqueous phase, with particular emphasis on applications to water cleaning. Another important application of the underwater electric discharges, which has attracted significant attention, is the nanomaterial synthesis by plasma-liquid interactions, including plasma-over-liquid and plasma-in-liquid configurations [12].…”

Overview of Electric Field Applications in Energy and Process Engineering

“…In this schematic, a positively charged mesh electrode is placed above a one-dimensional premixed "flat" flame. In this context, the plasma generation in liquids is also relevant for synthesis of nanomaterials ranging from noble metal nanoparticles to graphene nanosheets [14]. In the framework of this paper, four main topics of electric field applications will be addressed: the first part of the paper is about combustion applications as burners are widely used for heat generation in energy and process engineering.…”

“…Other plasma-surface interactions take place in particle or aerosol-laden dusty plasma leading to particle nucleation and surface growth, which is for example used for nanomaterial synthesis [13]. In this context, the plasma generation in liquids is also relevant for synthesis of nanomaterials ranging from noble metal nanoparticles to graphene nanosheets [14].…”